Concept of the State

The Republic in which Plato presented concept of the state starts with a query. “What is justice,” sitting in his academy Plato asks students who were all experts in their own respective fields.

As per Plato every thing in the world should be given its appropriate place. Biologically human body can be divided in three distinct and incompatible parts. Wisdom comes from head; stomach is responsible for distribution of calories to the whole body through intakes; hands and feet work for the body and act as guards. Humans die when this appropriation is disturbed. Head cannot act in the place of stomach or hand and vice versa.

Like human body he classifies the state population. The philosophers work as head, businessmen, presents and technicians work as stomach and soldiers and administrators work as arms and legs. If one of them takes the place of another, it will be a gross imbalance. With that the state shall fall sick and ultimately die. If each is at its own place, the state will become ideal.

Why Not Telecommute?

Advances in information and collaborative technologies are resulting in rapid changes in work practices. An emerging technological phenomenon called telecommuting (or telework) is helping professionals move away from physical presence at the primary work site and towards remote delivery of inputs.

While the concept of telecommuting has been in existence for some time, the technological tools available today are making it possible to practice it more productively. The trend has steadily grown over the past two decades in the developed world.

Pakistan job market, however, has traditionally been tight. It is tough for an employable workforce to find regular jobs, what to talk of telecommuting. As a result, the trend is yet to pick up in corporate Pakistan.

What is telecommuting? It is a work practice made possible by use of telecommunication and collaborative technologies to facilitate work at a site away from the traditional office environment. As per Wikipedia, telecommuting is a term coined by Jack Nilles to describe a work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in work place and time (within certain limits). In other words, it is a set up in which the daily commute to a central place of work has been replaced by telecommunication links. The motto is “work is something you do, not something you travel to.”


Let me add that telecommuting is not just for computing-related fields. Even a person living in Kot Lakhpat and stitching shirts for a foreign-based concern can be a telecommuter, rather than a contractual worker. Also, there is a difference between freelancing, contract work and telecommuting.

Large bandwidth and fast internet connections, social methodologies for balancing work control and work freedom, the perceived values and economies in telecommuting, and the opportunities and need for working collaboratively are some of the factors that should be considered to favour the possibility of telecommuting picking up in our country.

Pakistan lags behind in this. Despite all the changes we are going through, many areas are still without internet coverage. Teledensity has increased, but is far from being adequate.

Corporate Pakistan has not yet embraced IT, exceptions notwithstanding. One cannot see the positive effects of the technology on the ground or in terms of revenue. What has been achieved by the Pakistani IT industry and some end-user futuristic concerns are merely the tip of the iceberg.

The reasons are many — resistance to change, lack of trust in technical solutions for business processes and tapping human resource potentials through cooperation and collaboration. Moreover, the latest technologies have not been made use of, due to a lack of a standard business culture involving strategic thinking and planning. These factors are inimical to the long-term investment in time and resources needed for IT to develop.

Another impediment that stands in the way of telecommuting is societal concerns. In a number of ways, the corporate sector seems to distrust IT solutions. Prof. Dr. Ehsan Malik, an international marketing expert, says” “The generation at the helm of business affairs, mostly family-run, thinks that what has been working for them in the past is good enough. They hesitate to take new steps in untested areas. The strength of this social impulse reins back the widespread IT employment in any area. Other limitations with flexible trends are poor or lack of necessary infrastructure, slow speed or the non-availability of internet access.”

Let us take a look at the user base. A large majority of the online community in our country is of medium users. This group includes every one from whiz kids with ambitions and degrees from IT institutions and international certifications, to self-taught albeit experienced professionals in their respective fields. These users can perceive modern technologies as a great leveler to work and make their lives better. But they do not find many openings when it comes to putting their skills and experience to work on the ground.

To date, no university in Pakistan is teaching telecommunication courses to business students. The Higher Education Commission should ensure that this subject is included for business programmes, just the way it is being done in reputed business schools abroad.

Pakistan has a world-class workforce. I am not being ethnocentric here. Local businesses should plan to plunge into telecommuting boldly. They already have the opportunity of learning from success stories in developed countries, by closely examining the work methodologies being implemented.

Before that, the public sector should focus on improving the infrastructure and ensuring an uninterrupted supply of bandwidth, electricity and phone connections everywhere. Potential employees should start learning and be ready to take up openings when they come along.

Meanwhile, all stakeholders should take extensive confidence-building measures for use of information technology. One hopes that a demand-driven telecommunication will pick up soon.

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Outsourcing Solution

The world economy has always been international. Offshore outsourcing is not a new phenomenon. In our part of world outsourcing has been a prominent feature since at least the 18th century, when the British began to explore the Subcontinent in search of riches and power. Only the advent of IT has changed practices, as well as types and directions of economic flows. In the old times, when Vasco da Gama landed on the shores of Southern Asia, it was for "spices and Christ"; later on, it was for "Made in Sialkot" sports goods for the USA and Europe; now it is for software, back office operations and call centres.

One of the most important issues in developing countries rich in human resources, like Pakistan, is to understand IT outsourcing. Developed countries are doing it to lower costs and to free scarce resources back home for high value-added work, and work concentrating on core competencies. On our end of the equation, outsourcing is important in order to boost the economy, reduce unemployment, and develop the local IT services industry. Both sides can mutually benifit.

Untill September 11, high tech companies in the developing world, including Pakistan, were admired extensively for the quality of work they produced and for their technological edge. But the economic slow down and increasing layoffs after the heinous events of September 11 changed things in more than one way. Moreover, the workforce in USA and Europe is seeing offshore outsourcing differently: they complain that jobs meant for them are moved outside their countries, for cost savings, to the extent that they have started influencing policy makers to check this practice. Their worries were confirmed by the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, which stated that in March 2003 alone 212,000 US computer and engineering professionals were unemployed.

Pakistan is one of the important destinations for outsourcing. The country has a good base of IT professionals, developed infrastructure, and friendly government policies and laws. The effect of "Pakistan's 60 fold rise in its budget for IT" has already started showing results. An employable workforce with good command of the English language is available at a very competitive cost. Pakistani universities and IT institutions in both public and private sectors have internationally standard curricula and are turning out many tens of thousands of IT graduates each year who are adept at turning their hands to anything from software development to running call centres.

The IT market has also matured, as local IT companies have been doing contract work for clients in developed countries for over a decade. But, sadly, the trend has not picked up as much as in neighbouring countries like India and China. Reasons are rather political and diplomatic than technological. Pakistan, relatively, is a smaller market. Pakistan has always been a frontline state to fight terrorism but ironically the image of the country in the world media is not very helpful either.

Clearly, Pakistan needs to catch and then hold the attention of big IT players. For that, we have to have a constant supply of skilled IT workers to meet the demand when it comes our way, now and in the future. Policymakers have to ensure sufficient planning is done to create the human/intellectual capital. This done, it will be difficult for anyone to ignore Pakistani talent that is untapped so far.

Who's Number Is This

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Fort in Cholistan

The historic Derawar Fort, enormous and impressive structure in the heart of Cholistan desert, is rapidly crumbling and if the immediate preventative measures are not taken, the edifice will be destroyed and the historians, researchers and sightseers deprived of the view of the legacy of the bygone era. Like so many other historic sites in the country, Derawar Fort is yet another sign of old times we are poised to loose forever due to the apathy of those who are responsible for its upkeep and preservation.

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Before it disappears, once again, I was on my way to Cholistan: the place that is crucible of one of the world's oldest civilization, where some of the past secrets are hidden, where history is still active.

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Derawar is the oldest fort and the only perennial water-hole in the area. But a visit to the Fort is painful for those locals or foreigners who value the heritage and other signs of past eras. They are disappointed with its fate and neglect of its wonders. Neither is it being maintained as a tourists’ attraction, for which it has good potential, nor as a historical and archaeological monument. Result: the days do not seem far when the Fort would be converted into a sand dune. Main entrance and ceiling have developed cracks. Most of its buildings and portions, which had been an abode of the Abbasi Nawabs, are already in ruins. The three-storey fort is now without any storey. There are also ditches in it which can be dangerous for anyone not walking with care. At least the boundary walls and the main gate of the fort can still be preserved so that something is left as an evidence of the past. The monument has architectural, historic, documentary, and symbolic values. Remain of the monument have to be preserved and saved from total ruination, a danger they are facing at present.

The Fort was built by Deoraj, a prince of Jaisalmir. It was in possession of royal family of Jaisalmir when it was captured by Abbasis in 1735. As per Bahawalpur Gazetteer (1904), in 1747 the Fort slipped from the hands of Abbasis in the reign of Nawab Bahawal Khan due to his pre-occupations at Shikarpur. Nawab Mubarak Khan took the stronghold back in 1804.

The lofty and rolling battlements made of thin red bricks, ten on each side of the fort are visible from miles around. The circumference wall is about 40 meters high. There are two old vintage guns mounted on pedestals in the dusty courtyard of the Fort. On the western side are small under ground cells now infested with bats and wood being eaten by termite. As per the fable the secret to change metal into gold was told to Prince Deoraj by his guru Yogi and there still is a treasure hidden somewhere in the Fort. ((This idea keeps coming to me again and again: what if I can find the hidden treasure?) Nawab Bahawal Khan constructed a mosque with cupolas and domes of exquisite marble in 1849. It is a replica of Moti Mosque, Delhi. As per the legend there are some graves near the fort, which are said to be of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the other Muslim reformers who rendered great services to spread the light of divine Islam in the area. A few hundred yards from the Fort in a hall with engraved doors in witch Abbasi Amirs and their families are buried: Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan (2nd), Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan (2nd), Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan (3rd), Nawab Fateh Muhammad Khan, Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan (4th), Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan (4th), Nawab Muhammad Bahawal khan (5th), and Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan (5th), Sahibzada Abdullah son of Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan (5th), Rahim Yar Khan son of Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan (4th) are prominent among those buried there. There are graves of the ladies of the Abbasi family in the north-western corner.

On the way to Derawar, pass Shahi Wala and Burji 42 Hazar and start thinking of Cholistan as an idea for which no language has an apt word, something waiting to be discovered in some out-of-the-way place, difficult to access, if one is enterprising enough to go out and look; an indefinite thing, taking different shapes in the minds of different individuals according to their interests and wishes.

“Derawar itself is considered as pre historic and pre Harappan settlement. It survived not only during pre Harappan period but also afterwards,” says contemporary historian and researcher Nurul Zaman Ahmad Auj, “The fact that it was the first settlement of Indo-Scythian race also points to the antiquity of the place. The settlement existed when Alexander crossed the Hakra River near Derawar. It was one of the important boarder posts of the caravan route and lastly was the capital of Bahawalpur State. Abbasi rulers turned the Hindu city into a perfect Muslim metropolis.”

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Leaving the road and the four wheels driven jeep at Derawar, it was while exploring beyond that I found a few of the desert realities. Aside from wildlife, scenery, big solitude, and nomad culture, Cholistan also offer plenty of wind. The rippled shadows of the landscape dissolve at midday, and then deepen again in the afternoon. You find the sense of isolation. The faint white ridge line that marks the far edge drops beneath the horizon and one finds himself adrift in a sterile sea of yellow dunes. Inspired by the gorgeous absence of everything but curves and light, get in the utter emptiness of the landscape and vividly see slight details: telltale irregularities in the texture of the sand; the metallic ping of the odd pebbles beneath feet; a lone big black ant marching up a dune, its abdomen tilted skyward, lizard (Kirla) raising head to look at you from the distance and then rushing to the sanctuary of a bill in hurry, camels marching in perfect order or grazing on shrub called Katran. There is a complete lack of odour in the air.

There is an inland dry delta southwest of Fort Derawar. Some researchers are of the opinion that this is the place where the Hakra River ended centuries ago. The presence of the delta suggests that all, or most, of the River’s water was sopped up in this area where it would have been used for intensive agriculture and other pastoral needs. There seems to have been enough water to support intensive agriculture but not enough to push through to the Arabian Sea. However, a second group of experts holds the opinion that the Hakra River did reach the Arabian Sea. Both the groups have substantial data to prove their points.

At night, walking through the desert under the light of the moon was quite similar to hiking the dunes in daylight. The only difference was that the air was cool, the sand was gray and the Milky Way was more clearly defined in the sky. Later at night, footfalls did not sound like they were coming from my own feet any more; I kept turning around to see if I was being followed. Even sudden patches of soft sand would give me an occasional start in the dim silence.

Eventually, my paranoid habit of veering caught up with me, when - just short of midnight - I found familiar Jeep tyre marks in the sand. Since I had been walking what I thought was east for nearly eight hours, I had been circling around the same set of dunes near the Fort.

Reverse Phone Lookup

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USB Human Skull Drive

Starting as a holiday in Celtic Ireland, Halloween has come a long way and is celebrated all over the world now. Every October 31st, kids and adults alike come together, dress up as their favorite characters, and go trick-or-treating around the community.

Just the name of Halloween is enough to make one dream about Halloween including halloween costumes and everything associated with this festive eve; treating, sweets, fruit and other gifts, costume parties, horror films, haunted houses and much more. Everyone loves to have a special Halloween gifts.

One of the best, an most geeky gift item, that has come to my attention is USB Human Skull Drive. It is just in time. Featured packed USB Human Skull Drive could w be used all the year round, in case you can keep up your spirits. In addition to the thematic fun, the features include USB 2.0 High Speed, Plug and Play, Hot-Swapped capability, Mass storage compliant, Support: Windows Vista, XP, 2000 and Mac OS (Dimensions: 57.8 x 34 x 37mm and Weight: 42g) At the moment this is one of the spookiest and a fun gift for computer lovers and techies.

I am expecting some more before Halloween so stay tuned.

Child Molesters List

Child molesters are the worst of criminals. Have a look at the List Of Child Molesters - a list that is dedicates to bringing you the most accurate and current information so that you can be aware of and avoid the threats that exist; may be right next door. Knowing the location of these dangers in 90% of preventing an incedenct from occurring. Parents are recommended to sign up to recieve current data on sexual offender and child molesters living in your area. You can also register to recieve email alerts everytime one of these criminals is relocated in or out of your community. Start getting the information you need to keep you family safe. That is your responsibility to your family. No?

Zephanja Arzt in Thatta Kedona

The 17 year old volunteer Zephanja Arzt from Berlin district was involved in the NGO project of the AFA in TGD for four months. He developed in this period together with the young men in the Mens Centre a model locomotive for a german NGO as well as a glider for the local market.

Last Autumn, he and Head of the TTTC, Mr. Farooq Ahmad, as well as PDP were invited to a workshop about Appropriate Technology by COMSATS in Abbottabad. Because the Mens Centre produces not only handicrafts, which are supplied to the Womens Centre, but it also develops solutions for the use of sun, wind and water in the rural area. A solar cooker and Icefix were introduced in autumn. In the meanwhile, a prototype of a windmill (see illustration) which uses the local wind energy to charge a battery, which is then used to operate an energy saver bulb as well as a radio.
There also exists since 1996 a photo-voltaic unit on the roof of the womens centre, which at that time was the largest solar-energy unit in the private sector and even found its way into the school books on the topic of solar energy.

The TTTC also cooperates with an NGO in Cameroun, which follows similar objectives and a columbian initiative. In Cameroun, experiences have already been made with dry toilets, which use excrements for the production of biogas for lighting and cooking purpose as well as the dry remains as fertilizers. The Sulabh-Academy in India is well known in this regard and contacts exist with it since 2006.


The worldwide problems of infrastructure are specially fatal in the urban areas. A solution is still not in sight. The knowledge about the affects of foodstuffs on the human body are still in their infancy; there is still a long way to go, even if the notes on foodstuff packaging suggest the way in the right direction.

The solutions discussed in TTTC are not directed backwards, rather they represent an arc to the High-Tech-Solutions. But these initiatives are hardly available in the urban regions and they are even blocked for various reasons. Conceptual discussion in this regard has also been published in TechnoBiz.

Court Records

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Culture

The most important factors for the current development were laid in the 19th century. The rejection of thinking and acting as a community meant for the technology an enormous increase in the industrial production because the division of work led to higher productivity and new professions and it appeared on the face of it to increase the standard of living in western cultures (for example the Taylorism as introduced in Ford automobile factories etc.)

Analysis of the society by political and economic thinkers led to development theories, which could not foresee the effects of these policies as evidenced today. The cardinal error by these theorists was the euro-centristic model, i.e. nobody took the happenings in other cultures into consideration.

In Smith's economic system, the free market functioned globally, as long as global meant regionally and maximum on a national level.

In Marx's political system the democracy functions internationally, as long as the power base is centrally located. This concept is also found in antique Greek city-state models on a local basis.

In both cases, there appears to be consensus on one point, i.e. that "multiple behavioral models (Artenvielfalt)" are not acceptable in these theories. But this is probably precisely the decisive error.

With this sketch, we would now like to analyze the present situation.


Present situation

It is the market factors in a democratically functioning society, which determines the general welfare of the people.

Since the market -in the traditional sense- neither takes into consideration the environment nor the traditional cultures, which are present in rural areas and production of goods leads to certain uniformity because of cost-reduction methods. Every effort must be undertaken, so that the (B.E.P.) does not fall short of targets under any circumstances. The multi-national concerns attempt by adding more products to their production programs to offer a variety of models: since all parties participating in the market work in similar way, but the demand in the market is relatively fixed and not able to be increased arbitrarily, it is clear where the wastage of resources is taking place.

The winner is the one, who has the largest potential of human resources as long as these can be controlled politically.

The intentions and the wishes of so-called democratic countries are understandable, if they exert all possible pressure on others to accept their form of governance.

If this effort does not succeed, their system -let us call it "western system"- would collapse together with all parties involved in it.

There are incredible factors, which remain unconsidered by the members of the City-Culture, they being the innovators and carriers of the enormous misunderstandings and the cardinal errors:

a) There are very different cultures

b) These cultures have developed over a long period of time in inter-action with the climate and the environment.

c) Each culture has its own set of rights and should be the subject of research to shed light on this enormous richness.

Of course much of the matter has been lost due to the way of thinking and the actions undertaken up till now, but exactly this is the task before us; to track down these materials.

Misuse of environment and resources are hardly a subject of discussion in economic appraisals. Similarly, the richness of traditional cultures, which still exist at least in part in the rural areas, which are typically described as "under-developed" is not mentioned in these appraisals. There is no code or value allocated to them. Only when the value has been destroyed, the damage becomes visible. The extent of destroyed traditional cultures is quite evident in the number of museums, i.e. as soon as the traditional cultures began to be considered as money making measures for the institutions, they received recognition as a valid market factor, but in effect became still more unstable.

As the international flow of money is not directed towards local industry and national states, there is a trend towards uniformity through optimization and standardization. This uniformity can be concealed through various designs and requires increased consumption of goods. In order to increase the consumption, the consumers (all consumers of the world unite!!) require financial means, which are actually not available to the majority of population.


Outlook

A special sort of market is created at the place where traditional cultures are promoted. Members of the community have a chance to participate, if they consider it a possibility to maintain their basic requirements, i.e. a form of satisfaction of most basic material needs must remain intact.

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The Kohat Friendship Tunnel



The Kohat Friendship Tunnel, which was closed about a month ago because of clashes between security forces and militants in Darra Adamkhel, was reopened for light vehicles on Sunday. The tunnel was earlier used by about 14,000 vehicles a day, but on Sunday only a few hundred cars passed through it. As per Dawn, "the tunnel will remain open from 7am to 7pm."

Sports Videos

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If you are a sports vids fan, you must explore SportsVids and see what they offer and how. At Sports Vids, you will find some very interesting online sports videos and sports clips covering Baseball, Basketball, Football, Golf, Hockey, Tennis, Soccer, Track & Field and much more. They also have sports news and a very interesting and content rich blog.

The best part is that presently they are hosting an interesting promotion contest. Given my own interest, I have already joined. It is simple; the top three contestants who refer the most people to the Web site will receive Sports branded prizes. The three prizes are a new XBox 360, tickets to Michigan vs. Penn State, Saturday, October 18, 2008 and $100 Gift Certificate from Dick's Sporting Goods. See the context rules here.

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Eid Greetings

I miss letters and greeting cards. A letter delivered by a postman, with its lines of handwriting, loops and angles that give a reflection of personality and, perhaps, secrets tucked inside the letters. Waiting for the postman to find a letter is old fashioned but many cherish still. Then opening letters, reading, and reading them again. There is a romance in writing and receiving letters that seems almost entirely lost to people particularly those who inhabit the cyberspace in this information era.

The switch to email and instant messaging has created an entirely new kind of language - of shorthand, emoticons (term coined by joining two words emotions and icons), graphics, and poor or nonexistent grammar, and missing punctuation, computer slang. It has also given birth to another kind of greetings: cyber greetings. This is about that.

Emails, instant messaging and text messaging (through cell phones) are quick and easy. Even person like me writes more of shorthand letters now than I ever did on paper. Granted, that they have increased contact with family, friends and colleagues than ever before. They provide eases and convenience. What would any day be like without a message window popping up mid-afternoon with a little emoticon sent by a dear and near one? Indeed, online communication is doing wonders for human relationship. A little goes a long way.

With rather longer prelude, the idea of cyber greetings is undeniably relevant to today, and it is intriguing. Information communication technologies provide an anonymity that allows people to reveal more than they ever would face to face. It also allows temptation to overcome good sense, and the results sometime can be overwhelming. Imagine two persons who came across each other after any one of them seeing online profile of the other and finding it "interesting" makes an endeavor and reaches out to the other online. Both are easily drawn to each other in online exchange of messages, too predictably, and without enough explanation as to why. The whole exchange takes in "real time". And before too long, the causal exchange turns into witty flirtation and may be into full-blown romance between those who have yet not met face to face. Clever combinations of e-mails, live chat lines, explicit emoticons and computer shortcuts, give way to the situation where 'the headstrong-girl-meets-self-sufficient-boy' and the urge to meet may becomes very strong.

Web Hosting Rating and Review

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Browse Web Hosting Rating Directory and see how they help users to choose the right web host for their business or personal portals. Better still, have a look at Top 10 Web Hosting Providers (Best Web Hosts 2008) and you will find the best that suites your requirement. The rating system is based on the customer satisfaction, affordability, reliability, uptime and technical support. My recommendation: start at Web Hosting Rating directory when you need to find the best web host.

Accountability of Rulers

Anwar Syed

Actions have consequences that catch up with us sooner or later. But this law of nature does not seem to apply equally to rulers. Presidents and prime ministers often get away with the improprieties they may have committed. The procedure for punishing their wrongdoing is very tedious.

An American president may be removed for his violations of the law through impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate. Actually, no president has ever been forced out of office. President Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1866 but the move to convict him failed by one vote in the Senate. Richard Nixon, facing the danger of impeachment over the Watergate break-in scandal in 1974, resigned. The House of Representatives impeached Bill Clinton for perjury in connection with his affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky, but the Senate acquitted him.

In parliamentary democracies a prime minister may be removed by his own party or by the voters at the next election. Another way is for a majority in the lower House of parliament to pass a vote of no-confidence against him. Governments have fallen in this manner in some European countries, notably France, but I can’t recall the same having happened in recent British history. Nor has the central government in India or Pakistan fallen as a result of a no-confidence vote.

The constitution of Pakistan allows the president to dissolve the National Assembly where the prime minister is the leader of the majority party. If the assembly is gone, so is the prime minister. This is a weird method for the president to get rid of an unwanted prime minister in that the institution being penalised — the National Assembly — has done no wrong. Presidents Ziaul Haq, Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Farooq Leghari resorted to this method. They did so because they did not get along with the prime minister, but the reason they gave in each case was that her/his government had been corrupt.

Condemnation of corruption from the public platform is loud even though it appears to be deeply entrenched in the Pakistani political culture. All decent men will vote for the ways and means that can be effective in eradicating corruption. I am, however, very sceptical of the efficacy of two of them.

If my recollection is correct, it was during Mr Nawaz Sharif’s second term as prime minister that an agency called the Ehtesab Bureau was set up. It went after Mr Sharif’s predecessors in power — Benazir Bhutto, her husband and associates — and filed numerous cases of corruption and misuse of authority against them to be heard in courts located in different places so that the accused had to run from one city to another to present their defence. These cases went on for long as did cases filed under the National Accountability Bureau installed by Gen Musharraf in 1999.

One reason for these cases to drag on was that the charges in most of them were said to be bogus, the supporting evidence was inadequate and the prosecution incompetent. Another reason was that the sponsoring government was more interested in harassing and tiring out its rivals than in delivering justice. Charges were also brought against other public officials such as former ministers, legislators, and civil servants, but on a partisan basis. Those among the corrupt who had made deals with the current regime were left alone. Friends of the bureau’s own staff were also spared. Plea-bargaining and out-of-court settlements were allowed in which the accused surrendered a part of his loot and was let go. NAB became notorious as the regime’s instrument to persecute its political opponents.

There has been some talk of disbanding NAB, which is a good idea but has not been implemented so far. Its funding has been reduced substantially and as a result it has had to lay off many employees. Perhaps it will have a slow death by attrition.

Let us now look at another way to detect and deter political corruption being used in Pakistan. The Representation of the People Act of 1976 requires legislators to submit annual statements of their assets and liabilities to the chief election commissioner (CEC). These statements are to cover, in addition to the legislator himself, his spouse and dependents.

According to a recent news report, the CEC has called upon members of parliament and the provincial assemblies to submit their statements by Sept 30, 2008. Failure to do so will result in the suspension of the defaulter’s membership of the relevant assembly. This requirement is open to several objections.

First, the CEC is being asked to deal with some 1,200 statements. He is most unlikely to have the skilled manpower to examine that many statements and compare them with those filed during the preceding years to see if any extraordinary increase has been taking place.

Second, those filing the statements will probably understate their assets and overstate their liabilities. The election commission is in no position to verify their accuracy.

Third, unlike officials in the executive branch, legislators do not have the power to offer or deny citizens substantial gains. They may obtain small favours for their constituents by interceding on their behalf with ministers and civil servants whom they happen to know well, but their ability to do so is limited. They cannot make a whole lot of money through corrupt practices even if they want to. The CEC’s annual scrutiny of their assets would then seem to be a dysfunctional exercise.

Fourth, assets include not only money in the bank, which can be counted, but also immovable property such as homes and their contents (furniture, appliances, paintings and other works of art), which the election commission has no way of evaluating.

Fifth, while an income tax officer is admittedly entitled to look into a taxpayer’s income, the furnishings in his house should be none of his or any other public agency’s business. The government’s entitlement to know must be weighed and balanced against the individual’s right to privacy. This right applies with even greater force to the rubies and diamonds that the legislator’s good wife may happen to own. Her affairs should be entirely beyond any public official’s reach.

The apparatus of accountability has not worked well in Pakistan. It needs to be reconsidered and redesigned.

The writer is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts.

Conference Furniture

Like many others, I like the good quality, modern and functional furniture. The quality of furniture I use and have around effects my mode and attitude.

In the age when savvy businesses are successfully harnessing the power of the web through their presence online and functional websites, HS Bankett – leading German furniture manufacturers that offers quality stacking table and chairs - is one of the best places to shop for modern conference furniture. Have a look at HS Bankett Burgess and you see a lot of variety to choose from and making an informed decisions about what suits you the best. They have good collection of chairs, tables, buffets, skirting and accessories suitable for any place. They have been in business for half a century and their products show the expertise and skills.

Their main claim to fame is on heritage and finest craftsmanship and that is what makes them stand out. What attracted me was sleek style chairs that can fit anywhere from conference rooms to libraries and churches and those tables for dinning areas. Imagery is good and one have a feeler of how those table and chairs will look being used at home or elsewhere. That is what makes easier for anyone to make a decision to buy.

Those who need to replenish the inventory of folding table and chairs for the next big event at any arena should start their quest at HS Bankett Burgess. Browse through HS Bankett collection from the comfort of your own home and make your choice. They sell worldwide. The bilingual (German and English) site is absolutely powerful, stylish and easy to navigate. Browse through the site and see what they are offering and how.


What else, some of their HS Bankett Burgess items are already on my wish list for our university conference hall.

Godwin-Austen in Skardu Valley

Owais Mughal

Most of our readers may know that K2, the world’s second highest peak, is also called Mount Godwin-Austen. It is named after Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (1834-1923) who was an Assistant on the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. He was the first one to survey the area in modern times (1860s).

He wrote a paper which was read at the Royal Geographical Society meeting on January 11, 1864 and published in the society journal in the same year.



In this publication Godwin-Austen recalls a scene of a flash flood and land-slide that he witnessed while camped out between Mustakh Range and Skardu as follows:

Whilst lying in my tent, after finishing my work, I heard an unusual rumbling sound, and on going out I found all the men were wondering what it could be. After a few more seconds of suspense, some Balti coolies, who were cutting brushwood higher up the ravine, shouted that the stream was coming down, and in few seconds more we saw a black mass coming out of a lateral ravine from the right, and moving rapidly over the broad shape of boulders which formed the bed of the valley. Before the black stream reached us it divided into two, and we then saw that it consisted of mass of stones and thick mud, about 30 yards in breadth, and about 15 feet deep. The servants by the side of the little rill near the tents had just time to escape before it came down upon their fires. It was the most wonderful sight: a great moving, mass of stones and rock, some of great size, measuring 10 feet by 6, all travelling together like peas shot out of a bag, rumbling and tumbling one over the other, and causing the ground to shake. No one, who has not seen a flood of this kind, can form any idea of the mighty power of transport which the accumulated masses of water and melting snow acquire at these times, and I was almost bewildered by the spectacle (Godwin-Austen (1864), pp.27-28.)

In the same paper he also describes the beauty of Skardu valley which he witnessed one early morning.


Next morning, as the light in the east grew stronger, the view was never to be forgotten. From the south-east to north-west, the whole range of snowy mountains was visible, with only a few streaky purple clouds lying beneath them, which, without obscuring any of their sharp forms, added to their immense heights. K1 (Masher-brum) and K2, the second highest in the world, overtopped them all, and were conspicuous from their fine shapes (Godwin-Austen (1864)), p.27.)

Simplicity of Local People: Godwin-Austen also describes the simplicity and innocence of local villagers of Skardu valley and how their material needs were very limited:

They dress entirely on puttoo, or woollen cloth, which they make themselves: cotton is never used, not even for turbans. Their knowledge of the world is almost limited to their own wild ravines, and though many have crossed the Mustakh (mountain range in Northern Pakistan), I met with very few, in the other direction, had been beyond Skardo (Skardu). During the winter months the men are engaged in hunting the Ibex, when these are driven off the higher ground by the snow and come down to streams. The animals are run down by dogs, which they take care of and prize highly. (p.45.)

On Weather-Hardiness of Locals: Godwin Austin also recalls how local people were able to bear the strong weather in these words.

The wond blew all night, getting stronger towards morning; and I pitied the poor coolies with only the rough, sharp stones to lie on, and separate them from the ice. The Balti, who carry only one rug, huddled together two or three under the same covering. Mahomed told me next morning that he heard them saying, “Would that the Sahib felt it as cold as this! He would soon go back.” (p.39.)

Reference:

1. Rare Maps of Pakistan by F.S. Aijazuddin

Your Home Abroad

Want you want to do during this vacation season? Want to get away from the humdrum of busy life and relax, want to recharge, contemplate about life in a peaceful location or simply soak up sunrays on the serene location in a holiday home.

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Read their testimonial and find out what their clients have been saying about them. Interested users may also sign up for their free email newsletter that will give you instant notification of exciting new properties around the world. Their news section too is very useful. I leaned how Egypt and Turkey are the fastest growing holiday destinations. Such news and indication of different trends help investors to make timely and wise buying decisions.

Imagery at the site is very attractive. There are enough details accompanying each property to help you make informed decision. Exploring the site I found some really interesting properties that are very close to my own dream home.

Georgia on Kalpana Sahni's Mind

Kalpana Sahni

Some countries attract one instantly. Georgia seduces you the moment you set foot on its soil: the snow-capped Caucasus mountains and the river torrents surging through its green valleys, the language which seems to echo the rivers with its multiple consonants that rain down on hapless tourists: Mtskheta, Mtkvari and Chkheidze... And then there are the Georgian people! In India a beautiful girl is often referred to as a Georgian fairy (gurji pari). And rightly so. This is a nation, famed for its handsome men and beautiful women, a nation that not so very long ago was in the forefront of artistic creativity. For me, however, it is the Georgian art of raising toasts that is unique. I have yet to come across any other place where a toast raised at a meal is sheer poetry. Inevitably it extends to psychology and the soaring heights of philosophy. This is a gift shafolksred by one and all in this land of unlimited human love and generosity, a country of proud people, scintillating humour, of delicious food, wine and hamaams. It is a country situated at the crossroads of cultures, a land whose shared histories and geographies embrace Persia, Byzantine, Mongol Empire and the Arab Empire, and more recently, Russia. However, unlike many European countries, Christian Georgia, had a long history of religious tolerance.

One name that turns up everywhere in Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, is Shota Rustaveli. Tbilisi’s main street is named after Rustaveli as is the National Drama Theatre, then there are parks, educational institutes, a metro station and even the highest government award in the arts. Shota Rustaveli was no politician. He was a writer who wrote Georgia’s greatest classic, its most revered book — as important as the Bible. Till recently this classic was a mandatory gift for newlywed couples. Many Georgians knew its 1,600 quatrains by heart. The Knight in Tiger’s Skin is an epic poem composed by Rustaveli in the 12th century, a hymn to love, friendship and the honour of commitment.

My curiosity got the better of me and I decided to read this poem, which these Georgians are so passionate about and readily quote passages from at the drop of a hat. Rustaveli dedicated the poem to the Georgian Queen Tamar. He writes “I have found this Persian tale, and have set it in Georgian verse.” Imagine my surprise when I discovered that one of the poem’s principle heroes is an Arab! The poem opens with the Arab king, Rostevan, announcing his decision to abdicate his throne in favour of his only daughter Tinatin. There is much rejoicing. Later the king goes out hunting with his army chief, Avtandil. There he sees a handsome young stranger weeping in the distance who disappears when the king’s men go to summon him. The king’s happiness turns to sorrow at witnessing the suffering of another. His daughter Tinatin then asks Avtandil, who is also her beloved, to find the mysterious stranger in return for marrying him on his return. Avtandil’s long and arduous search finally leads him to the mysterious man, who is the Knight in the tiger skin. Then I had another surprise. This mysterious stranger, this knight, was an Indian prince by the name of Tariel! His tragic tale is recounted. He is a royal prince whose father handed him for adoption to a neighbouring Indian king who was childless. Later this childless king has a daughter. Tariel and his adopted sister, Nestan-Darejan, fall in love.

But calamities befall them and she disappears leaving him with inconsolable grief at being unable to trace her. Avtandil swears his friendship to the Indian prince and vows to find Tariel’s beloved even if it means sacrificing his life. The poem then goes on to describe Avatandil’s search, the help he receives from people of different nationalities, and the happy denouement. Tariel is reunited with Nestan and they return to rule India. Avtandil, having completed his search, marries Tinatin. Two mighty heroes — one Arab, another an Indian. A third who joins them towards the end is Phridon, the ruler of a mythical country!

The story unfolds in the vast landscape of Arabia, India, Khorezm and numerous imaginary lands. There are references to Persia, China, Egypt, but not a word about Georgia. Rustaveli refers to the Koran, Mecca, Easter, and Navroz; alludes to Rustam of Firdausi’s Shahname and to Nizami’s Laila-o-Majnun.

Not only is the tale a fusion of cultures, but even the poetic genre chosen by the author is eclectic. Persian and Arabic imagery abound in the poem — such as the rose as a metaphor of beauty, love and purity. There are numerous Sufi concepts and imagery such as khanaqa, ashiq, majnoon. The poem’s verse form — known in Georgian as shairi (derived from the Arabic) — consists of 16 syllabic quatrains, each with a single rhyme. Popularised by Rustaveli, it remained the basic metre of Georgian poetry till the 18th century.

Rustaveli celebrates life in all its beautiful aspects. His celebration goes beyond borders for it searches out riches no matter where they are located, and from these diverse cultures he gifts to Georgia its unique epic.

Travelling in a Motorhome

Traveling whirls me around, turning me upside down and make everything that I have been taking for granted on head. I travel, initially, to lose myself; and I travel, next, to find myself. I travel to open my hearts and eyes and learn more about the world than our newspapers will accommodate. I travel to bring what little we can, in our ignorance and knowledge, to those parts of the globe whose riches are differently dispersed. And I travel, in essence, to become young again — to slow time down and get taken in, and fall in love once more. All this can be best done in while traveling in a motor home.

In motorhomes, you can travel at your own pace, as per your own plans and needs. No hurry and hassle.

All those who are interested in motor homes may start at Travelworld – a company that offers world’s finest motohomes. The company has a history. Travel Cruiser Concessionaires Ltd, trading as Travelworld American Motorhomes has been serving the American Motorhome community in one way or another for 25 years. n the late 1970s when American Motorhomes were first being imported into Britain , Travelworld had a plant in Indiana manufacturing and importing Travel Cruiser American Motorhomes. In the early 1980s, Travelworld were also importing Volkswagen Westfalia Motorhomes from Germany . By the mid 1980s there was the rise of Diamond Motorcaravans, based in Leighton Buzzard and Pioneer Motorcaravans based in Hull , both manufacturing subsidiaries of Travelworld, the main feature being conversions on LT and Volkswagen transporter


I wish travel in a motorhome because only then I can escape into open solitudes, into aimlessness, into the moral holiday of running some lonely place, in order to sharpen the edge of life, to taste hardship, and to be compelled to work desperately for a moment at no matter what.

Travel Communities

Virtual world is seamlessly getting into real world. Social side of technologies is making the World Wide Web much more localized by bringing like-minded people together and in the process creating closely knit online communities.

Combination of features like worldwide accessibility and instantaneous communication has made it possible for backpackers, globetrotters and other curious from all over the world to join together at different online platforms to exchange information, experiences and plans in their favorite pursuit; travel.

Subscribers range from the professional travel writers to hardcore travelers and adventurers and commoners who are simply interested in reading online. Travel communities are accessible by millions of interested people all over the world.

Out of some major and hundreds of less noticeable travel forums on the Web, I have had the fortune to belong to a few and have been visiting some others for my travel information needs.

Exceptions apart, all virtual travel communities have some common features: Communities mostly provide a warm, trusting and supportive atmosphere. When members give information, they do it with great care and responsibility. They rely on each other more than they do on outdated travel guidebooks or on second hand and static information from conventional travel literature.

Visit any online community and one finds anything related to travel, along with flames and off topics, which are informative, sometimes funny or even annoying. The mutual exchange of information is not restricted only to destinations, affordable places to stay and dine in, security issues, maps, weather conditions there and where to have best bargains and how to find public restrooms or which Websites better describe any particular place. Or which dress a female anthropologist going to study Kalash clan up in northern district Chitral should wear during her extended stay there. It goes much beyond to helping in finding work, selling and promoting each others in local markets.

“Travel forums have become hunting grounds for meeting fellow travelers and making new friends. You really do not require any other reason to join a community or two,” says Atoorva Sinha who intends building up travelers’ community at Mindzwine.

Carla King is founder member of one virtual travel community called Wild Writing Women for female travelers. She emailed, “When we published Wild Writing Women -- Stories of World Travel (an anthology of women’s travel stories) -- we got a lot of publicity. People wanted to know how we traveled solo and weren’t afraid, and just how we went about it. We started giving workshops. We also started giving writing workshops and hosted a free monthly literary salon. People just gravitated, and we accepted them. We made a business of it and formed the online community. So it’s a profitable business for us to expand the community, and also, happily, it’s close to our hearts.”

Members are slow in response sometime. Chris Heidrich, the Director of a BootsnAll says, “One has to be patient in waiting for a response from members and insiders. It should be understood that it is a voluntary favor and some people do not come on board or check email as often.” Court who is always found on board in the same community adds, “Some time they may be away traveling to yet another location.”

The recipients of information have to keep in mind that what ever comes is based upon individuals’ personal experiences or empirical observations. One member may have had different experience than others. When I posted a query about Virtual Travel Communities (for this article) at BootsnAll community; the first reply referred me to Nick mediator at another community at Bali Blog who in turn advised me to email direct to all on his mailing list. The replies I am still receiving are varied showing so many perspectives. “There is nothing like variety,” says Nick.

The virtual world is composed of information rather than physical identities. Information spreads and diffuses. Those who belong to these impalpable spaces are also diffuse, free to take it or leave it.

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Signs of the Past

When one has seen one Punjabi Town, one has seen them all, except Malka Hans. Now long forgotten by most people, a historic little town was once an abode of Waris Shah, who stayed here and composed universal romance Heer Ranjha. Legend has it that Malik Muhammad (alia Malka) - a member of Hans tribe founded the town some 700 years ago. Hans became powerful when Mughal King Alamgir conferred a vast land around Malka Hans on Sheikh Qutab Hans. In 1764, Muhammad Azam who was the descendants of Qutab Hans became head of the clan and made himself independent.

Ran Singh Nakka later treacherously took Muhammad Azam prisoner where he died in confinement. A great Punjabi poet, Waris Shah was born in Jandiala Sher Khan (district Shekhupura) in 1719. After completing his education in Kasur (district Lahore), he shifted his residence to village Malka Hans. Here he resided in a small hujra (living room) adjacent to the historic mosque that was constructed by Hans in 1340. Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza commonly known as Mian Wadda was the trustee of the mosque and used to lead the prayer when Waris Shah came here. In the absence of Mian Wadda, Waris Shah performed the duty of leading the prayer congregations.

It is this 'Hujra Waris Shah Da' that I had come to see in Malka Hans. Waris Shah had composed an illustrious Punjabi folk romance (now a film) sitting in this hujra. The underground 8 x 6 feet hujra where the poet lived is still there though devoid of any furniture or things that could be related to Waris Shah to bring back the memory of the poet. Only sign showing that Waris Shah had been living here is a crudely written plaque with sketchy details about the poet. The classic work of Waris Shah - Shakespeare of Punjabi language - echoes in the countryside and youth and elders sing with joy. One can find a number of folk vocalists singing Heer Waris Shah around the vast expanses of Punjab and other parts of the Subcontinent where Punjabi language is used. Many people remember major portions of his work by heart. Poetry of Waris Shah is written in easy language and can be understood by anyone with average language skills. The couplets are used as idioms and phrases in day-to-day life. The ancient mosque, now known as Mosque Waris Shah, with three green color domes and a hujra are venerated by literary figures, curiously conscious and devoted faithful.

I could not see the book (Heer Waris Shah) written in longhand by the poet himself despite the best effort. There is another small room in the mosque premises with nameplate that reads, "Library Waris Shah" but that too was closed and the key could not be procured because "it had been misplaced". The monument is in the care and custody of Anjuman-e- Warisia (Registered). It is not being given the attention it deserves. The residents of this town celebrate Annual Jashne Waris when romantic and mystic poetry of Waris Shah is sung by folk singers. I was thinking as to how the plight of this priceless heritage could be brought to the echelons of power. The town is located 30 minutes drive away from Sahiwal and has a Town Committee, which has not been able to do any thing other than brick lining in some of the dusty and dark streets in town. Conservation of legendary national heritage we are poised to loose forever is a difficult task for the civic body with little resources.

Exploring this sleepy little agricultural town, you can also see the dilapidated relics of Parnami temple that used to be one of the central ashram of Parnami faction of Hindus. Mahant Darbara Singh had constructed palace like five-story majestic building of the temple over 200 year ago. Dust of ages has settled in deep layers on the pedestal where Smadhi of Dya Ram - the founder of Parnami sect used to rest in the main chamber of the temple. "Large number of Hindus had been visiting here before partition and there use to be a big annual mela in the month of Chetar," informed a villager who is using this place as a house. "I am paying rent to Auqaf for living in this Khandar," he complained a little wistfully.

This grand monument of the past with sold masonry and ornate designs wrought by artisans and artists centuries ago was one of the fine specimens of Hindu architecture. Termite is eating Wood but exquisite quality of woodwork on windows, doors and murals on the battered walls can still be seen. The think red bricks excavated from this monument have been used in houses in the town. And, sadly, the temple cannot be defined in the images. Auqaf does not appear to have any idea about what to do with these splendid remains of the Hindu architectural legacy, except perhaps recovering the rent from the tenants. "Last time Auqaf got the place cleaned was when Indian Minister Hari Karishan Bhagat and Ambassador De Sharma visited the temple", informed the present occupant of the edifice. Legend has it that there was a tunnel from this temple to Pakpattan, though I could not locate the opening of the tunnel because huge quantity of rubble lying everywhere in the courtyard.

On the way back, I along with my friends had dinner break at a roadside-eating joint known as 'Pak Afghan Rohani Baba Hotel' near Yousaf Wala (Sahiwal). Sitting on ground, we had their famous mutton dish specially made in lamb fat. That reminded me of a small but famous eating joint in Saranan near Quetta.

Importance of ID Cards

Given the security situation across the word, it is vital for every concern to take precautionary measure. Every organization should have a system to see who is coming in and going out of their premises. One of the best and simplest ways to control entry is through ID Cards. Visitors who are allowed (for example employees in a commercial concern) in may have a badge and or ID card, show it on the entry point and go about their business. Similarly, other organizations (libraries, clubs and many more) can also introduce ID Cards system for members.

Best thing is that with the increase in security consciousness, the trend to use ID cards and Badges is growing. Those who are thinking to have ID Cards solution may start at ID Card Solution – a company that offer wide range of ID card printers and ID badge supplies. See their entire range and see what they are offering and how they can help you. I specially liked their visitors management system.

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Zhob Valley Railway


Balochistan has been blessed by an awe inspiring landscape and scenery. A man made means to explore all this expanse of beauty had been the Railways in this province (see Bolan and Trans-Baluchistan). I have deliberately used past tense in the previous sentence because one such railways in Balochistan is getting uprooted right now; at this very moment; as I am writing these lines.

This section of railways, when laid during the British Raj, was called the Zhob Valley Railway (ZVR). It has been out of service since 1986 but these days all the left over track is being uprooted and sold as scrap. This has provided me the motivation to write this post and re-visit the history of this once longest Narrow-Gauge Railways of the subcontinent.


The photos above show the Narrow Gauge locos (#57) which was used on ZVR and is now preserved at PR HQ Building in Lahore

During First World War, a Railway line was laid from a place called Khanai (30 km north of Quetta) to a place called Hindubagh (renamed as Muslimbagh in 1960s). Hindubagh had Chrome mines, which was used in munitions of First World War. The railway line at that time was a private siding for the Balochistan Chrome Ore Company. The work started on Khanai-Hindubagh line in 1916 and was opened for rail traffic in 1921. In 1927, the Hindubagh to Qila Saifullah section was opened and finally the section up to Zhob was opened in 1929.

There were dreams of ultimately connecting the track toBannu in the North West Frontier Province. But that dream became a victim of the uncertainty of the 1930s and the Second World War. This is how the track was inherited by Pakistan on August 14, 1947 and since then we didn’t add a single kilometer to the line.

The Rolling Stock of Zhob Valley Railway: The ‘Zhob Valley Railway’ as it was then called used rolling stock that belonged to the ‘North Westen Railway’. Most of which became the Pakistan Western Railway and later Pakistan Railway. Much of the rolling stock used on ZVR was part of a “strategic reserve” intended for use elsewhere in the British Empire. The gauge was thus standardized at 2ft 6ins (762mm). Curiously, no strategic reserve equipment could be used in the European war of 1914-18, because all the combatants were standardized on 600mm or 2ft gauge for their trench railways. However, some equipment saw service in the Middle East and Africa, in both the World Wars. For comparison, Pakistan’s Broad Guage Railway is 5′ 6″ wide.

Maps of Zhob Valley Railway: Following is an overall map of Bostan to Zhob route. With our maximum main column width, it is hard to read for details but it gives a big picture of the route. I will break this map into smaller pieces below. You can see that Highway 50 and Zhob River follow very closely to the railway.

The Zhob Valley Railway served as an important means of transportation of goods. People also travelled for shorter distances. Things, however, remained in a state of rapid flux and with the birth of Pakistan the notion of military use for a slow moving narrow gauge line died.

The passenger train service remained in operation for almost 60 years and was abandoned in 1985, as it was proving uneconomical and the tracks were not properly maintained.

Freight service continued to run for a year longer to haul chrome from the mines at Muslimbagh. That too got stopped in 1986.

The Highest Railway Station in Pakistan: The total length of this railway from Bostan to Zhob was 294 km, which made it the longest Narrow-Gauge Railway of the subcontinent in 1920s. It had 11 stations in between including the famous Kan Mehtarzai station which was the highest station in Pakistan at an altitude of 2224 metres (7295 feet).

For a long part of its journey, the railway followed the Zhob River and thus it was called the Zhob Valley Railway (ZVR).

What Happened in the Winter of 1970 at ZVR: As I was researching for this post on Internet, I found a very interesting article called ‘Breakfast at Kan Mehtarzai’ by Salman Rashid. An excerpt from that article talks about the winters on this railway.

Here it goes: In Bostan in 1992, Mirza Tahir the Station Master remembered the glory days of the ZVR. Winters were pretty hard on the tiny Narrow Gauge locomotives, he had told me, and it was not uncommon for trains to be caught in snowdrifts. Tahir remembered the great snowstorms of the winter of 1970. So deep was the snow that the snowplough in front of the locomotive just could not make way. The train foundered. The fireman built up steam while the driver tried again and again to nose through. But the snow was too deep — nearly two metres — it was said, and they had to give up. They dropped fire and waited.While the passengers walked to the highroad that runs parallel to the line and got away as best as they could, the telegraph wires buzzed. Bostan was informed of the snow-bound train and requested for a rescue locomotive. Out came one steaming and puffing through the wintry landscape only to be caught in the snow a few hundred metres short of the stranded train. Bostan sent out yet another one and even that could not make it. Tahir said it took them a few days to clear the line and get it going again.

The Unique Architecture Along ZVR: The most remarkable and picturesque feature on this line is the architecture: the mud-plastered station buildings with their tower like structures and sun rooms. The Photo above shows the building of Kan Mehtarzi. Once again an excerpt from ‘Breakfast at Kan Mehtarzai’ goes like this:

On the ZVR, the cutest things on the entire pre-partition North Western Railway are the darling station buildings. I have not seen them duplicated anywhere else in Pakistan. They are, with only a couple of exceptions, all mud-plastered; they come with a pitched roof and, to one side, a neat octagonal tower-like structure with a conical roof. This was the ticket window. But only for those who cared to pay fare, for most travellers on this line considered it their birthright to go free. Indeed, that was one of the reasons for the line’s untimely demise.

Zhob-Bostan Time Table of Winter 1959: Following image is the actual running time table of Zhob-Bostan section as published by the North Western (later Pakistan) Railway in Winter of 1959. I would like our readers to note the column called ‘Actual miles Fort Sandeman’ as well as the ‘Height Above Sea Level’ column which is given in feet. You can see Kan Mehtarzi listed at 7221 feet altitude.

Mr. Ajai Banerji, a friend of mine, tells me about the timetable of Zhob-Bostan route of 1944 in following words:

Bostan-Khanai was mixed gauge until BG was removed after 1942. At this time a mixed train ran twice a week in both directions. 499 left Bostan at 15.55 on Mon/Fri reaching Fort Sandeman at 11.55 the next day. The reverse train 500 left FS at 18.05 on Tue/Sat reaching Bostan at 13.15 the next day. These trains had stops of about an hour at Hindubagh and Qila Saifullah.

What is Happening Now? In the last Government headed by PML(Q) and under the Railway Minister Sh Rasheed Ahmed, it was decided to re-open this section as broad-gauge and later extend the track to NWFP to provide shortest travel time between Quetta and Peshawar. The total cost of this project was estimated ar Rs 7.6 billion. Rs 100 million were earmarked for the project in the 2007-08 budget for it. But Senator Raza Muhammad Raza of Pakhtumkhwa Milli Awami Party (PkMAP) who asked Railway Minister to clarify his position on this project on Senate Floor, said on May 6, 2008: “There is no sign of work anywhere from Zhob to Bostan.”

So Who knows when this plan will ever materialize? Will the current or future governments follow the decisions of previous governments? Anyways in the meantime, the official uprooting of old narrow-gauge tracks is currently going on. The rail bed is supposedly being left intact to lay broad-gauge tracks over it after widening/enhancing it.

To be fair to Government decision on removing narrow gauge track, I must say what a friend familiar with the Railways told me, “On account of law and order situation the track was difficult to monitor and a huge amount had already been spent on deputing the staff who sometime felt helpless in the hands of Local tribal people. Theft of track was an ongoing process and a considerable length of track had been plundered by the steel hungry theives. The Local administration was unable to control over the situation. If there would not have been any decision the whole track might have vanished without any trace within few years. The stations and other infrastructure have not been sold but only the tracks and selected narrow guage stock. All the decisions were made public through National Media and open auction was arranged for that. The price of material can be different but there are many factors involved such as international steel prices, cost of lifting and transportation by the purchasers, the risk envolved in an unruly, virtualy lawless terrain ,etc. However best efforts were made at the appropriate level to get the maximum price.”

On the other hand there is also an argument that instead of closing down the section for the past 23 years, Pakistan could’ve provided security on this section and used it as a World tourist attraction to earn some dollars. People from all over the world would love to visit any remaining Steam Railway if ample security is given. But even as I write these lines, I understand it is very difficult to make this case a high priority in government decisions. They would rather auction the tracks and make quick money out of it before it is all stolen in a lawless region. What a pity.

Where are the Locomotives Used on Zhob Valley Railway?

Six locomotives were used on Zhob Valley Railway during its 60 years of operation.

1. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 46:

It is now preserved as a monument in the Car Parking of Multan Cantt Station. This locomotive was in full running condition when brought here. See photo to the right. # 46 is seen in the car parking of Multan Cantonment Railway Station.

Built by: North British Locomotive Co
Builder’s Serial Number: 19644
Class: G
Year Built: 1911
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 58.15 tonnes

2. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 54:

This locomotive was at one point in time preserved as a monument in PR Golf Course Lahore alongwith a coach. Photo to the right. But after this golf course was sold to a private company in 2005-06, this loco was moved to the car parking of Gujranwala Station. I don’t have its photo available from Gujranwala. Can a reader help me with it?

Built by: Nasmyth Wilson
Builder’s Serial Number: 1021
Class: G
Year Built: 1913
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 58.15 tonnes

3. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 57:

This Zhob Valley Railway veteran locomotive is now preserved as a monument outside PR Headquarters Building, Lahore. This locomotive is also in fully functional condition. Its photo from its current resting place (PR HQ bldg) be seen to the right.

Built by: North British Locomotive Co
Builder’s Serial Number: 18330
Class: G
Year Built: 1908
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 58.15 tonnes

4. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 62:

Mr. Thomas Kautzor saw this locomotive last time in February 2006 under restoration at Mohalpura Workshops. Photo is to the right. Since then, the location of this loco is unknown. Is it still at Moghalpura Workshops? Can somebody confirm.

Built by: North British Locomotive Co
Builder’s Serial Number: 22766
Class: G/S
Year Built: 1921
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 59.82 tonnes

5. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 65:

Current Condition and Location unknown. Last documented spotting in Jan 1999 at Bostan.

Built by: North British Locomotive Co
Builder’s Serial Number: 22769
Class: G/S
Year Built: 1921
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 59.82 tonnes

6. Pakistan Railway Serial Number 74:

The following two photos show #74 at is current (and final?) resting place. It is preserved as a monument in car parking of Quetta Railway Station



Built by: Nasmyth Wilson
Builder’s Serial Number: 1018
Class: G
Year Built: 1913
type: 2-8-2
Weight: 58.15 tonnes
Chronology of Zhob Valley Railway:

1916: Work started on Khanai - Hindubagh section of ZVR.

January 1, 1921: 74.7 km (46.12 mi) long Khanai to Hindubagh Narrow gauge track was completed

May 2, 1927: 62.93 km (38.85 mi) long Hindubagh to Qila Saifullah section of NG line was opened

January 15, 1929: 143.62 km (88.66 mi) long Qila Saifullah to Fort Sandeman (now called Zhob) section of NG line was opened. Only goods traffic started on this section on this date.

July 15, 1929: Passenger service started from Qila Saifullah to Fort Sandeman (now Zhob)

Novemeber 20, 1939: 15.84 km (9.78 mi) long Khanai to Bostan Jn NG was opened

1985: Bostan to Zhob Narrow Gauge line was closed down for passenger service

1986: Bostan to Zhob Narrow Gauge line was closed down for frieght service

2007-08: Narrow gauge track was uprooted and auctioned off for roughly Rs 300 million

References:

1. Dawn News Story on Quetta-Zhob-Peshawr Link, Nov 2, 2007.
2. Breakfast at Kan Mehtarzai by Salman Rashid.
3. North Western Railway Timetable of Winter 1959.
4. Hundred Years of Pakistan Railway by M.B.K. Malik, 1962

Credits:

1. A friend named “Subuk Raftar” for NG57’s Photos
2. Mr. Thomas Kautzor for data on Pakistan’s NG locos.
3. Mr. Umar Marwat for #74’s photos at Quetta
4. Dr. K.J. Walker for the information on ZVR rolling stock.
5. Mr. Ajai Banerji for providing the 1944 timetable of ZVR

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A Short Story

Pervaiz Munir Alvi

Even though there was nothing remarkable about him, still every body knew Bakka Gujjer. Those were the days when many in our neighborhood kept a milk cow or a buffalo at their homes. Bakka was their sole trusted community cow-hand. At the crack of the dawn he would show up at our door and yell: “Doctor Chaman, Bakka is here.”

When I was young I used to hate Bakka for many reasons. For one, I had this assigned job to get out of my bed, go downstairs and hand him the milk-pail filled with water so that he could wash and milk our cow. And then I must stay there to take the heavy pail of milk back upstairs to the kitchen. And the second reason: ‘Why the hell he always calls me doctor chaman’. “Bakka, I am not Doctor Chaman and don’t you call me by that name,” I would scream at him. “OK Doctor Chaman,” Bakka will answer with a grin. And the third reason of my irritation with him was that Bakka was hard of hearing. ‘Why must I always yell at the top of my lungs so that Bakka could hear me’. “I swear nothing is wrong with his hearing. He only pretends that to further irritate me,” I often complained to my mother.


The good part of my involvement with Bakka was that for the rest of the day I did not have to put up with him. After milking the cow he would mix her morning feed and then move on to another house to repeat the same process and perhaps irritate some other little boy like me.

After his morning rounds Bakka would go home to his family only to return before ‘the sun was high in the sky’ as my grandma used to say. This time he would round up all the animals in his care and herd them to an open pasture just outside the city limits. No one saw Bakka for the rest of the day until the proverbial ‘cows came home’ in the evening.

This business of him calling me ‘doctor chaman’ started when I was really little. One day Bakka asked me what I would like to be when I grew up. As I had done with all the other adults in my life, I parroted that I was going to be a doctor. “You mean you are going to be Doctor Chaman?” he asked. “No I will be Doctor ME,” I had told him with my youthful sternness. But to him it did not matter what I said and how I said it; Bakka was going to call me ‘Doctor Chaman’ for the rest of my life.

As I grew older Bakka became less and less irritating to me. I learned to ignore his name calling and with time we even started to have short meaningful conversations during our early morning encounters. One day I asked him about his loss of hearing.

“When I was your age I wanted to be a wrestler,” Bakka started to tell me his story. “My father had put me under the tutelage of famous Ustad Reema Sultaniwala. I was getting to be a really good wrestler except I had to quit because of my hearing.”

“What happened?” I wanted him to continue.

“You see one day I was sparring with this boy much older than me. We both started to slap each other around. Except he hit me real hard on my ear,” Bakka said.
“Is that when you lost your hearing?” I asked.

“No, not right away. I had start bleeding from my ears and then some one called Ustad Reema. He knew how to treat many injuries. He cleaned the blood off my face. Put some oil in my ears and stuff them with small pieces of cotton. My wounds recovered after some time except I could not hear no more,” Bakka became quiet after that.

I wanted to ask him more questions except he handed me the bucket and told me to move on before I got late for school.

One day I had just returned home from school when my father told me that Bakka had an accident today. “Oh no. What happened?” I asked my father.

My father started to tell me that this morning Bakka had left the neighborhood with all the cattle as usual. Just when he was crossing the main road with his herd he got struck by a truck. “Did he not see the truck coming?” I asked.
“No he got hit from behind,” my father was saying.

One of the cows had wandered off and Bakka ran to get her off the highway. That’s when he got struck. The driver tried to miss the cow and swung to the left at the same time blowing his horn. Bakka never heard the horn and got swiped by the fast moving truck. He was lying on the road unconscious when a bunch of people gathered around him. Some one ran and came back with a charpai. Grown men plopped him on the cot. Then some one else yelled, “Let’s rush him to the doctor. His head is bleeding.” The crowd ran towards doctor’s house.

“Could Doctor Sahab come out? We have someone badly hurt out here,” one of the men carrying Bakka shouted out at the doctor’s door.

“Doctor Chaman is not home,” some woman answered from inside the house.

The crowd was on the move again. With Bakka on the cot bleeding, every body ran towards the Civil Hospital. By the time they reached the hospital, Bakka was dead.

The next morning I lay in my bed wide awake knowing very well that Bakka will not be coming today. But somehow I kept hearing the familiar call:

“Doctor Chaman, Bakka is here.”

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iPhone Word Power

Next best thing on iPhone is a dictionary. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, has joined hands with the software developer and content provider for mobile devices and desktop PCs, Paragon Software Group to bring premium dictionary content to iPhone users. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary for iPhone is available on the App Store.

Collegiate Dictionary was tailor-made for the special characteristics and unique features of the iPhone. Merriam-Webster's database contains 225,000 entries, including more than 10,000 new words and definitions, which can be accessed anywhere, anytime, without Internet connection or additional charges.
Paragon's Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) Dictionary content features an easy-to-use, single-click application for instant access to all words and definitions. The SlovoEd engine compresses the database to a minimum of memory space while allowing users to quickly perform multiple lookups..The program is supported by iPhones with firmware 2.0, iPhone 3G and iPod touch with firmware 2.0.

Merriam-Webster Inc. acquired the rights to revise and publish Noah Webster's dictionaries in 1843. Since then, Merriam-Webster has maintained an ongoing commitment to innovation, scholarship, and love of language. Today, the company continues as the leader in both print and electronic language reference publishing with reference products, learning tools, and word games. Merriam-Webster Inc now on the iPhone will go a long way in promoting the correct usage of the language.

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Explore the site and see what they are offering and how they can help you in your field of interest. You may need training hours that will count towards PMP recertification, or PgMP exam eligibility? Or if you are already PMP certified and you need to keep your PMP certification or PMI certification current, Point Advantage simply offer the most cost-effective and time-efficient way to make this happen.

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Uses of Ambivalence

Anwar Syed

Ambiguous are words, phrases, or statements that are open to more than one interpretation. Ambivalence is a state of mind in which a person entertains at the same time two opposite inclinations towards the same object, person or situation (as a ‘love-hate’ relationship).

A man is ambivalent when he has not yet decided on which side of the fence he wants to be.

Ambiguity is an art that diplomats and politicians cultivate and practise when they don’t want their audience to know what exactly they have done or intend to do. It leaves them the option of later denying that they had said what they were understood to have said.

I remember reading about a debate in the House of Commons during which the government was asked whether it had been negotiating with the Hamas leaders in Lebanon. Jack Straw, a master of ambiguous speech, rose to address the question and left his listeners in a state of wonder as to what might have happened.

Eventually they understood Straw to have said the following: The government was not negotiating with Hamas; British representatives had not conferred with Hamas spokesmen; there was a military wing of Hamas with which no contact had been or would be made; then there was a political wing with which contact might be considered; two junior British diplomats had met two individuals who did belong to Hamas, but they had met the latter not as Hamas leaders but as mayors of their respective towns; they had talked but not conferred or negotiated.

The United States has never subscribed to the ‘two China theory’ and has always conceded that Taiwan is a part of China. Were China to use force to bring Taiwan under its control, that would be its domestic affair. The United States accepts the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries. Yet, it has been giving Taiwan military assistance since the 1950s to enable it to resist Chinese military action on the island. At one time some American commentators even viewed Taiwan as a potential counterpoise to mainland China.

Considering that the United States and China have sought ‘normalisation’ of relations since President Nixon’s visit to Beijing in 1972, the American posture described above could be regarded as one of ambivalence. But note that it did not result from confusion; it was a deliberately chosen policy of keeping one’s options open. It meant that the situation was not ripe for a definitive choice. When one of the two opposite courses being pursued emerges as the more advantageous, the other would be given up. It is not uncommon even for parties at war to negotiate the terms of peace even while fighting is still going on.

Pakistan and India have been pursuing a ‘peace process’ to build a relationship of peace, amity and cooperation. Their representatives have had several rounds of a ‘composite dialogue’ with a view to resolving their various disputes, including the one relating to Kashmir. But at the same time, each side accuses the other of sending agents to sabotage its political and economic order. These allegations may be exaggerated but they are not entirely unfounded. Thus, each side has adopted an ambivalent attitude towards the other. That is the case because neither side has yet concluded that the other is not an enemy.

Pakistan is America’s foremost ally in fighting terrorism. Believing that it cannot fully eradicate the militants in its tribal areas adjoining Afghanistan, American aircraft and ground troops have been hitting suspected Taliban hideouts on Pakistani territory, Many Pakistanis see this action as a violation of their sovereignty and virtually as an American invasion of their country. It has caused them intense anger and anguish. The government of Pakistan does not have the will or the capacity to stop these American raids, but it does not want to admit this fact to its people. Its public response to the situation is understandably ambiguous.

Gen Ashfaq Kayani, the army chief, rejects the American argument that the ‘rules of engagement’ allow its forces to pursue the enemy to his hiding places wherever they may be. The country’s borders, he says, will be defended “at all costs”. Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani has endorsed Gen Kayani’s statement, adding that Pakistan cannot allow any external force to breach its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Other Pakistani officials say also that the Taliban and their doings are this country’s domestic concern and, under international law and conventions, these are none of an external power’s business. The foreign office has repeatedly conveyed its protest against America’s incursions into Pakistan’s tribal regions to Washington.

Sovereignty, territorial integrity, inviolability of national frontiers, domestic jurisdiction and non-intervention are terms that may have had precise meanings at one time. But, as a result of globalisation, they have all become ambiguous. Nations are sovereign in law but not in actual fact. It is no longer conceded that what a government does to its people within its own borders does not concern outsiders. As the world becomes a ‘global village’, the distinction between external and domestic has faded to an extent. Illegal immigrants cross the borders of rich and powerful states every day and many of them get away with it. Illegal aliens abound in America and most of the other highly industrialised countries.

It is possible that Pakistan’s protests are meant more for domestic consumption than they are addressed to America. They may be intended to cause the impression that the government will not take American violations of the country’s territory lying down. But in fact that is exactly what it is doing. It does not have the capacity, and therefore the will, to use force against the American intruders. It suspended the supply of fuel and other necessities to the ‘coalition forces’ in Afghanistan but allowed them back again a day or two later. Pakistani fighters have carried out reconnaissance flights over the tribal area but it is most unlikely that they will shoot down any American planes that enter Pakistani airspace.

American officials have been intervening in Pakistan’s domestic affairs, usually at its own invitation, for more than 50 years. Their current intervention, even if it is intended to serve their own interest, is nothing new. It will go on as long as they think it is necessary. There is nothing that Gen Kayani or Prime Minister Gilani will or can do about it.

The writer is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts.

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I suggest users Answerco cross reference information to make informed office and computer supplies decisions and bloggers to use their widget.

Technology

Throughout the last century the uses of the term technology has increased exponentially. Though technology has been there since the dawn of civilization, the term in present age has come to the point where it encompasses every thing; ok almost every thing. The term technology has been used to refer to the Internet, machines, and tools and earlier to wheel, hand spinning mill, Persian well to name just a few. But technology is much more than just the artifacts.

As per the common literature, technology is the process (starting from the design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance of artifacts) by which humans control and use nature to suit their own requirements. The knowledge and methodologies to run the artifacts are also part of technology.

Result of the empirical study of the nature (material facts), a body of knowledge has been accumulated over time. This knowledge along with desire to create and control answers how(s) and why(s) and nature is shaped according to the ever growing human needs.

Technology can be classified as objects (tools, products), knowledge (know how), activities (methodologies), process (systematic advance from a requirement to solution) but it can not be delimited to any one or more of these fields.
Besides human needs (necessity is the mother of invention as they say), technology is also shaped and advanced by societal acceptance. One latest example is that of mobile phones. Mobiles have shaped the whole way of life in very short time. That is how technology shapes the society.

Looking around, one can’t see any thing that is not related, directly or indirectly, to technology. Can you?

IT Investment

Technology sector is experiencing decrease in investment as many big players are holding back from new initiatives. Forrester Research that has appeared lately reads, “more than 40 percent of the companies have reined in their technology spending. More businesses in the United States have cut their spending than anywhere else, and financial services firms have been the most aggressive in trimming their technology purchases.” This was found from sample of 950 high-ranking technology managers at large businesses in North America and Europe.

As per the details of the study, 49 percent companies in the United States said they would cut back Information Technology budgets, which compares to 38 percent of companies in Canada, 33 percent in the Britain, 32 percent in France and 28 percent in Germany. Forrester, however, was quick to note that the data came from a survey made in the second quarter of 2008, before the economic climate in Europe worsened.

Forrester study says, “Across all regions, companies warned of putting existing and new projects through more demanding decision processes to make sure they would show substantial return on investment. Many of the companies also said they’d put all discretionary spending on hold. Almost 20 percent of those polled in the United States plan to reduce hardware, software and services spending; by far the most dramatic total reductions for any region.”

Some IT giants have recently shown strong financial results. Some of them can be attributed to currency benefits that result from large overseas businesses and a weak dollar. What is more, around 40 percent of the businesses in the manufacturing, retail, utilities and telecommunications categories say they will cut technology.

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oneConnect

Sale reports show the unprecedented growth in iPhone sale. When that is happening, Yahoo has announced that it will bring its oneConnect social address book application to Apple’s App Store to work on both the iPhone and iPod touch.
Yahoo’s oneConnect application lets users integrate contacts, send instant messages or SMS messages, and view their friends’ latest activity on social networks. What’s most compelling about oneConnect is that it doesn’t bog you down in solely Yahoo software. Instead, the service supports AOL Instant Messenger along with Yahoo Messenger, and support for social networks like Facebook and MySpace. oneConnect for the iPhone and iPod Touch is available now as a free download on the App store and Yahoo promised that more versions will be rolling out for other devices in the near future.

This new iPhone application can centralize communications and social-networking activity. OneConnect allows everybody to keep connected to the persons they care about. It's a socially connected address OneConnect allows everybody to keep connected to the persons they care about. It's a socially connected address book Yahoo is following others to bring more applications to mobile devices in an effort to tap into the growth of mobile Internet use. Previous Yahoo applications such as OneSearch and Go compete against Google applications including Gmail, Search, and Maps.
A related "Favorites" feature lets people track or quickly contact the handful of people in a user's inner circle. Another feature provides a unified hub of instant messaging, SMS messages, and e-mail. OneConnect will be available in the U.S. initially, but ultimately to the world.

Will oneConnect make you buy iPhone, if you already haven’t?

Website Reviews

User Website Reviews is a website where users are heard. Review any website on the web and write your opinion that will be seen by large number of readers. Users generated reviews also help compile a meaningful list of Top Websites that is useful for others. TalkReviews.com also provides you with instant statistics including, traffic stats, page rank, alexa rank, link stats, and much more. I came across some wonderful sites while browsing their featured sites section. Have a look at their and see what they are offering and how you can participate in this innovative spree. I have already joined this vibrant community.

IT Trends

Users’ perceptions are already changing noticeably. Most of the analysts, trend watcher and users I talked to expressed hopes of positive changes IT is poised to bring about. Developments in IT has resulted in expanded access and pervasiveness of computers. Some of the software houses are doing contractual IT work for western developers in their individual capacity. Businesses which are online cross political and corporate boundaries in seconds, forming new alliances that were unknown to traditional structures and channels. Public and private sectors IT institutions are preparing large number of employable IT graduates every year. Political image notwithstanding, industry giants are showing interest to invest in Pakistan to take advantage of IT professional’s base here that is familiar with international business language (English) and available at comparative rates.

Similarly, computers and the Internet have penetrating in households more and more. Fairly large number can afford and obtain computers and the Internet connections. Rich and poor have nearly equal access to cyberspace almost anywhere and anytime. Online activities of home users are maturing beyond casual communication and fun surfing.

It is in this situation that those who have employed IT in corporate sector say that business practices as well as consumers’ behaviours are changing positively: Businesses have gone increasingly international in scope. Markets have expanded and monopolies are changing into oligopolies if (yet) not pure competition. Anyone who can bring a first class product and harness technology successfully is bound to prosper in world market. “World in which we do business today differs profoundly from that of ten years ago, and this difference is mainly attributable to IT solutions. Why else sky suits made in Karachi and sports goods made in Bheikho (near Sialkot) are seen prominently in international championships,” says an International Marketing expert Punjab University Professor Ehsan Malik. Sure we are not making most of existing IT infrastructure. “What I can say with certainty about the future is this: Large number of business concerns, large and small, is poised to making optimum use of IT and benefit. The realization is already upon us that IT (coupled with standard business practices) is the only way ahead,” adds Professor Ehsan Malik.

Call centre technology developer Anwar Sheikh thinks, “IT is not just a set of programs, instruments or utilities processing information. IT is a mixture of all these essentials to meet to achieve business goals and should be able to meet the needs of any business outfit. It is the output from all the applications and experience to produce something useful; a product, a process, a system, a methodology. It is a result that matter ultimately because that is what businesses want. Every futuristic concern now believes that employment of IT results in better efficiency, lower cost, more production flexibility, and product quality and consistency. I see more business adopting call centres and deploying other IT solutions in future.”

The power of computers is increasing by every day. They are getting affordable to have, simpler to learn and massively customisable for different set of wants making them vital part of all contemporary life activities. It is now imaginable to consider an era where hotel, airline, rail and other reservations, stock exchange trade, banking, shopping, payroll accounting and many other functions, which have already become part of life in the developed world, becoming routine here too. “It is no prophecy because these systems are already successfully working in the west. What I see is the local users developing trust in gizmos and networks to transfer information as well as money economically and speedily,” says Mahmood Ahmad, graduate from reputed local IT institute now studying abroad.

IT is not autonomous. It is part of social and cultural phenomena. Information is a universal engine of social change. “Information found online in its various forms -- “voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations, and online, including those not yet conceived” -- is bringing about social changes; some are already visible. Users are demanding quality information that they can turn into common knowledge and apply to real life problems on ground. Sociologist Dr. Muhamad Anwaar predicts, “What we find on the Internet is to become part of wisdom ultimately. Or it will be rejected right away.”

Past events and measure taken are suggesting safer surfing in future. Users have been complaining of information deficiency syndrome (and information overload), spam, security concerns, identity theft, cyber crimes, copyright violations, and unsavory material that mar the internet experience. Only spasm has coasted millions to businesses besides irritating individual users by filling in their inboxes with mails sometime carrying viruses, Trojan horses, ads for herbal medicines or links to explicit imagery. But a lot is being done to clean the cyberspace and make it more liveable. Majority of local users believe that email, instant messaging, searching, surfing and blogging will mature and improve in quality in future. A hardcore techie Khalid Shahzad says, “In future, commute on the Information Highway will be much safer. Ethics will get better. On the downside, I see paid contents on the Internet increasing. More information will go behind subscriptions and or security firewalls.”

Future seems heavily IT dependent. IT plays central role in business word and lives of individual users, whatever they happen to be doing in life or career. Academicians, media and IT professionals themselves are best placed than any other category, to span the gaps between real world and IT and the gap between IT and perceptions.

New generation will be more digital than the present one.

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Self Publishing Blues

Every body has a book in his mind, as they say. But, everybody trying to write one is a different thing, and self-publishing one yet another. There are lots of considerations that induce people into writing about various things: people, events, ideas, issues, passions, observation, noble causes, problems and more. Some of these are pricked by their strong sense of right and wrong to raise their voice for or against a cause of their own or of their community's interest, while some others do it to cover up some disrepute and or misdemeanors. There are those who do it for amusement. And the ones for whom writing is a career. Of the many other classifications, there is a class of writers and it is a very well populated fraternity that takes its writings as a means to achieve an end. The end, of course, varies from person to person, but the mercenary passion with which the community members market (yes, market) themselves remains constant.

As a sub category of this specie there are among them the innocent writers who keep visiting publishing houses simply in a hope that some day someone will be convinced about the great idea presented by them and will be willing to invest on the publication of their work. The writer whom I am going to profile here is a commoner. That seems to be his first problem. When the first time he took the draft of his book to a well-reputed publishing house, the owner of a publishing house enlightened him to go do something else instead of writing. My writer friend was surprised with how the owner had given his opinion even without setting an eye on the draft of his life long labour of love.

My friend did no lose heart though. He kept visiting publishers "who would publish his book and give him royalties and he would grow famous and rich and then he would write some more". Somebody had told him that this is what happens to every new writer. After a lot of legwork and listening to many unfavourable remarks, he came to the conclusion that they are not going to benefit from his work. They were unlucky!

And finally he decided to become a publisher of his own book. He thought that after the publication of his first book people would discover the gem in him and would come searching. Now the first problem was finances. He consulted his wife who was very proud of him but unable to help financially. She advised her husband to get one copy printed to be kept in their drawing room so that any body could see that "we" have written a book. The idea was very sincere but hardly practicable. Then he consulted his friends. Everybody gave his opinion with a varying degree of sincerity. But one of his friends was most candid. "Do you have a car, bank balance or any other sellable assets, asked a friend? The answer was obviously no. The candid friend told him that he was already living a miserable life so why not get a loan from the bank and publish a book? Banks are so eager to offer personal loan these days. Of course every thing would be all right once the book was published added the friend reassuringly. And the writer agreed to do just that. Why had this simple idea not come in my mind my friend kept thinking?

Composing, printing, binding, and finally the book was published and dumped in the house of the writer. It was a great boost to his already highflying ego. A new marathon to market and sell (read dispose of) the book started. The writer kept the copies of his books for display at all the bookshops in the city (who agreed to that). How he managed to keep his book in display windows of the bookstores is yet another story. But after six months once he went about to collect the sale proceeds he, to his horror, found out that only four books had been sold. Who were those four patrons?

Now the writer started distributing his book to his writer friends other members of the fraternity -- with a hope that they would write about him and his book in the press and he would get noticed. But the best remark he could get in the press was that this: “He is very promising and upcoming writer of the future.”This is a crux of my lifetime experiences, empirical observations and research findings. What else I should come up with he thought in awe. The others have nothing new, they just write rumours and yet they are published as well as sold and appreciated. The newspapers carry their profiles and interviews. Why not me?

On the advice of yet another sincere friend the writer managed to pursue a "writers' forum" in the town to arrange a book launching ceremony. Sitting on the stage between the chief guest and a few guests of honour and listening to the speakers talking about him my friend kept thinking about writing his next book. During high tea (that was financed by the writer himself) after the speeches, the spirits of my fiend was at the zenith.

Over a period of time and after a lot of sittings with my "writer friend", I have found out what he thinks about future. He is convinced about two things: One that he is a great writer and has to be 'discovered' by others some how. Second, or else, as written by Kevin Kelly (in some other context) in a recent cover story in time, "The page (and reading and writing) will die. Who will adhere to the linear rationality found in books, new and old?" But I dare disagree with my friend.

Personalized Party Favors

There is no end to ingenuity and joy. I am delighted to learn about completely fabulous idea of birthday party supplies. I was delighted to find so many ideas about personalized party favors, ideas and much more. Living in with a large and joint family, we have birthdays and other family festivities often. It becomes difficult to choose unique party supplies on each birthday. What should we offer to the guests to make them remember the event for a longer time?

Plum Drama – a personalized party supplies resource – is one of the best places to start for me and other like me. They offer tasty treats, party apparels, party favors, and paper goods to suit almost every one. In addition they also offer some great party ideas.

I liked their Personalized T-Shirts section. How will you like to see some one wearing Personalized T-Shirts you gave on your last birthday? Very rejoicing and pampering to say the least.

Another place to like the best was which offers party favors with photograph you like. Nothing is more personalized than one of our party favors, complete with photo of the same party. Submitting your photo for a "photodrop" order is easy. Select a design and go through the checkout process just as if it's a regular order, after you complete checkout. The photo you submit will be cropped and scaled to fit into the design you select. I wish to try this. Explore the neatly laid out site and see what you like for your next party.

Greeting Business

It is greeting time - the time for sending Eid greetings to near and dear ones. The people are in the mood to splurge, the greeting cards are at display in every nook and comer of bazaars in addition to the regular sale points like book stores and stationary shops. The display reflects the mood. The bookstores have removed the books and hot selling magazines to create space for the greeting cards in show windows.

With so many shops (and makeshift stalls) selling the greeting cards, demand still outstrips the supply. They are a ‘must buy’ on every one’s shopping list. Every body wants to send Eid greetings to his loved ones. “ In these hard times when book industry is under economic crunch and a common reader does not have the potential to buy a book and those who have money do not want to buy and (read)”, says a book seller Ataur Rehman Khan, “greeting cards are what keeps us going.”. Such important card sending occasions (like Eid, Christmas and New Year Eve) not only give boost to the greeting card industry but also to postal and private courier services. And of course the exchange of feelings and greetings on a massive scale revive old relations and spread love in the society.

The messages printed on the greeting cards are poetic, passionate, persuasive and very comforting. The cards available in the market meet the requirements of all the conceivable situations in the human relationship. There are in endless varieties, designs, shapes and sizes from simple messages like ‘I wish you were here with me on this Eid’ to such questions as I often wonder what made us fall in love and more?

Than there are formal and official greeting cards from politicians, government agencies, commercial institutions and non-governmental organizations. They carry the messages from the senders: along with the good wishes and greetings. One of the cards that I have received is from the Chairman of an NGO. Almost entire manifesto of the NGO is printed on the card. I might not have read the material if I was given a leaflet about the NGO but the card is so beautifully and aesthetically presented that not only I read it but it touched my heart too. I wish others could follow the line to make their voices heard in this din.

The greeting card shows how our cultural heritage values architectural styles, fashion designs and form visible record of our history. Most of the cards are work of art that is collector’s delight.

Many people have passion for collecting greeting cards. Zafar Zaidi a friend of mine told that “about 20 years ago I started collecting cards, now when I go through the cards I had received earlier they give me sheer pleasure.” I was amazed to see the huge collection (though did not read what was written in them). What is stronger, whole-some and useful for life in latter years than some good memories?

The best card I had the pleasure to receive on last Eid was from a foreign volunteer working “to fight against poverty in rural areas in Pakistan.” It was beautiful. Simple pattern was embroidered on a small piece of cloth in multicolor and studded with golden stars that were pasted on the paper folder with a space to write a message. The good thing is that the sale from these cards was distributed among the girls of the village who made those cards. Shopping during economically stagnant times is hard enough. But buying such hand made cards for loved ones would certainly make them feel special.

Advent of the Internet has added another cultural dimension in our society; cyber greeting through the Internet and or cell phones. There are so many sites on the World Wide Web offering free cyber greetings for all occasions including Eid from where users can select, customize and send cards with a few clicks.

But having a hard copy is different. I still wait for cards to be delivered by postman before Eid. How other people prefer to receive greetings on festive occasions; digital or hard copies?

Tags: Greetings, Eid, Culture, Society

Web Technologies

Given the rapid growth in the field of latest technologies, one expects that there will be greater interaction between people and the Internet technologies in the future. And the netizens now have mixed feelings for the future of Internet revolution; Whereas some may not use these technologies ever, for some the boundaries between real life and collaborative web technologies are already blurring.

Speedier bandwidth is becoming common (using 56Kbps modems and telephone lines seem painfully slow now) and everyone is expected to have real-time link to everyone. Once this happens, “the concept of who is online and who is offline will melt away,” says Bradley Horowitz, Yahoo’s director of media and desktop search.

As a result, conventional devices and skills are either disappearing or seem to have been put on hold. The Internet is changing the way people work, share knowledge, entertain or socialize. How are you embracing this chane?

Which Phone Calls You Need to Take

Sometime one gets fed up from unwanted and unsolicited telephone calls. That is when one needs to find who is calling so that undesired calls could be avoided. Thanks to a service that allows to Find Out Who Called You. Have a look at he services being offered at Who Called Me? – Cell Phone Lookup. Also explore National No Call Registry. Better still try them and have a full control on which phone calls you take.

User Website Reviews

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Hot Spring

Some places are so idyllic and unspoiled that it is almost unbelievable. One such place is picturesque, tranquil and pollution free town Garam Chashma (meaning hot spring) in at the edge district Chitral. The very sound of it is (sort of) strategic - the role Garam Chashma played during Russian occupation in Afghanistan not very long ago. The town is located on the bank of a turbulent torrent known as Luthko Gol that is full of trout; about two hours drive from Chitral City.

As the small Fokker Friendship hovers over Chitral before committing to landing, one can see the beautiful sights through window of small aircraft: red roof houses dotted on the hill contours, alpine trees, and fruit orchards. Chitral airport is built in one of the serene gorges of the River Kunar. I stayed at the deepest place in district Chitral known as Mir Khanni - over seventy kilometers from Chitral City. As per the plans that I had made to see different sights in Chitral valley during free brakes in the schedule of my assignment, I boarded a passenger Mazda that was ready to go to Garam Chashma right from the airport early one April morning.

Garam Chashma-Chitral Road forks from Kunar River towards north though lush green countryside that is at its best after the months of harsh winters. The pebbled road runs along Lutkho Gol and the scenery is ever becoming different. Sitting on the front seat, on my right I could see the distant snow covered Trich Mir Top changing its shades as per the slant of the sun. Nearly all the road passes though the mountain glen. Terraced fields and fragrant orchards of walnuts, apricots, grapes, apple, mulberries and brilliant alpine species of flowers are strung up the valley on the mountain walls.

I was sharing my seat with another passenger - a local teacher from Garam Chashma by the name of Shah Pir who voluntarily took over as my guide and kept telling me the tales and pointing at things. During our journey from Chitral to Garam Chashma he narrated his risqué story of hunting expeditions. Moreover, he discussed every thing from the foreigners he had met to Soviet Occupation in Afghanistan and from ecology in the area to why Chitrali keep the legs of newly born babies tied so that they remain straight once they grow. He also lectured me on Tamur pedigree, which he said he belonged to. Silently, I bore the onslaught of knowledge.

The driver had a long and leisurely break on a makeshift roadside teahouse in village Morgh. This is a busy midway stop. I had one of the tastiest (and much needed) cups of tea there and met couple of travelers from Karachi who were coming back from Garam Chashma. They advised me about where I should stay and eat while in Garam Chashma. The small village's claim to fame is "Patti" - clothe made by hand from raw wool. Patti is in great demand through out the country.

There used to be a refugees camp during Russian occupation in Afghanistan in Garam Chashma - a tehsil headquarters of Chitral District. The open ground where Afghan children used to play and elder used to contemplate their future during forced exile is lying vacant as a strong reminder of the past. Herd of goats was resting in the vast ground. The track to Dorah Pass leading into Afghanistan is also deserted.

Small bazaar in the town is lined with humble tea shops, eateries, modest provision stores that are mostly stocked once Lowari opens to road traffic during summers and a few shops selling Lajvard (Armenian stone) and Zamurrad (Emerald) that find their way in the town, for the tourists mostly. There is a high school in the town. People seem to be living in peace with themselves. No hurry, no worry. Cut of from the mainland, may be this is the best way of life for them.

East of the main road near the town is a famous hot spring. The hot water comes from the hills. Near the residential area, a small steaming stream branch off to enter bathrooms and swimming pool (constructed by Chitral Scouts) before it joins the main course again. There are quite a few legends (or facts) famous about the hot spring. As per Shah Pir, the water of hot sparing is a cure to Gouts and numbers of other skin diseases. And, once upon a time, famous Daughter of the East used to come here to take bath. I only reveled into the hot water to freshen up. It was very comforting.

Some of the rare wild life species are found in Chitral valley. But sadly, Musk Deer, Ibex and Murgh-e-Zareen are at the verge of extinction. Shah Pir told, "flying of Murgh-e-Zareen over someone's head is very lucky. It brings wealth and power." I do not believe in such things, but kept wishing through out my stay in Mir Khanni that if there is any Murgh-e-Zareen left, it should fly over my head. Later, however, I saw a domesticated huge Markhore in Chitral Scouts Officers Mess at Drosh and stuffed Murgh-e-Zareen in house of a local.

The Chitralis are descendents of invaders - from Aryans to Macedonians. The presence of Kalash tribe and their ancient culture, the Khowar language spoken in the area and Mediterranean features of the people testify to this fact. History tells us that Chinese and Timur also subdued the area, which was later ruled by Kator clan till the middle of twentieth century. Chitral State acceded to Pakistan on independence and became an administrative district in 1969. The valley is landlocked in writers as the two passes, Shandur from Gilgit and Lowari from Dir are closed, and therefore, the life has not changed much in the valley during last few hundred years.

Some time back, the National Highway Authority has proposed the construction of a low-cost all weather road from Nawan Killi unto Domail Nisar avoiding the Lowari Top which remains snow-bound during winter forcing suspension of all traffic between Chitarl district and the rest of the country. Over 10 feet of snow has been recorded in winters on the road passing through Lowari Pass.

The 30 kilometers proposed Nawan Killi-Domail Nisar Road would save about 15 billion rupees: estimated cost on the Lowari Tunnel project. The work on the tunnel was undertaken some 16 years back but it was never completed due to low priority accorded to the project by successive governments.

As per the preliminary study, the proposed road should take off from Nawan Killi in Dir district. The route to Zakani Kandao via Gat Kandao, also in Dir district, leads to Domail Nissar in Chitral district. A 13-km track already exists between Gat Kandao and Domail Nisar, which will require widening and adjusting of its longitude grade. Another 10 kilometers road from Domail Nisar to Mir Khanni also is there waiting for widening to accommodate two-way traffic.

According to the topographic study along the proposed alignment the chances of accumulation of snow are negligible. There are 47 sharp curves falling in the same sliding zone on Lowari Pass while there is almost none on the intended route. Besides, the glacier and avalanches will not develop due to low area and favorable topography as compared to Lowari Pass. In addition, no snowstorms have been reported on the designed alignment whereas it is on record that severe storms cause huge human losses every year on the Lowari route.

District Chitral will be connected with the main land if the road is approved and developed. The transportation of goods and passengers during winter when Lowari Pass becomes snow-bound will become possible. The new road is also claimed to reduce commuter's travel expenses as they have to spend more on air travel whereas goods, particularly essential food items, will be available at lower rates during winter due to less transportation cost.

Journey from Chitral to Garam Chashma in photogenic valley is one of the most tranquil and absorbing experiences. But till the time the valley is not connected with mainland, round the year, "people consider Pakistan as another country," says Shah Pir.

In Chitral

Picturesque Chitral town sits up in Pakistan's northwest district, walled in by the Hindu Kush range. During winters, the only way in is by air (weather permitting) as the two passes, the 3118-meter Lowari from Dir and the 3810-meter Shandur from the upper Gilgit Valley are closed to road traffic. The Fokker Friendships drone for 50 minutes and burst through clouds on decent to reveal on mountains covered with whitecaps and red tin roof houses.

This is Chitral. On the small airfield, the cold wind thrust you to shiver. The remoteness of the district has left it undeveloped in spite of grand natural beauty, hospitable people and ancient history. The town is a base camp for tourists, adventurers and researchers from across the world. And, people seem to be living there in peace.

Chitral, located at 1500 meters from sea level is a beautiful and historic town. It has lively bazaar -- a miniature Peshawar full of Mediterranean looking faces under Chitrali caps and foreigners. Geoffrey Moorhouse in his book "To the Frontier" describes the seen in Chitral town: men squatted in the shade of a tree beside a food stall or middle aged man seen stroking a dog." It is no truer. Now the modest bazaar is lined up with well-stocked provision shops, eating joints and souvenir shops selling many things from Chitrali caps to Lajvard (Armenian stone) and Zamurrad (Emerald) that find their way in the town, for the tourists mostly. However, American sleeping bags and rucksack, Bulgarian ankle boots and Korean Jackets that used to be on sale in bazaar during Soviet occupation in Afghanistan are no more sold there. Mehtars' fort on the banks of the Kunar River is a principal building that reminds of the bygone era. Go to visit the palace and the sleeping guard will ask for a permit from district management.

The Mehtars' palace-fortress, site of the 1895 siege, is still occupied by royal offspring so you can not go in without special arrangement. The entrance of the south end is to the residential quarters. The one facing Shahi Bazaar used to be for the royal guards. The most interesting side faces the river and is best viewed from the far end of bazaar or form across the river. The river passing through the town is called Chitral (or Kunar) River, and upstream is known as Mastuj River. Another ornate building up the road toward the police station was the royal courthouse. The spacious Shahi Mosque next door was built by Mehtar Shuja ul Mulk. New minarets and domes have been added during recent renovation, keeping the edifice in its original shape.

At the south end of town is one of Pakistan's best polo ground, where practice matches are held every few days from mid March to early November and full-blown matches on weekends. The town has weeklong tournament in September to October. With roaring crowds and drum and horn bands that play the signature tune of each player who scores a goal. Polo is still played in many up valley towns too, though it's a dying sport because horses are costly to own and no longer needed for transport. One of the biggest social events for Chitralis is days of super polo and merrymaking at Shandur Pass, which is held every few years since 1936.

The Chitral valley has a long history. It was subdued by Alexander from Macedonian, Chinese army and Timur in the past and was under king named Shah Rais (descendent of Balti rulers) in sixteenth century. Son of Sangin Ali -- advisor of Shah Rais and forefather of Adamzada clan -- threw out the king and took over the power. Kators (branch of Adamzada clan) ruled Chitral till 1960.

In 1856, the British who were apprehensive about Russians in Central Asia had sent an expedition to poke around Chitral and win some friends. In return for a subsidy, Aman ul Mulk -- the first Kator ruler called Mehtar to attract outside attention who had taken over in 1857 -- became a British friend. After capturing Kuhswaqt (another branch of Adamzada tribe) land in the 1880, his domain stretched from upper Gilgit into Afghanistan.

Aman ul Mulk died of a heart attack in 1892, one of the few Mehtars to die a natural death, since the usual way to decide succession for royal princes was to murder their father and one another until only one was left. This time 16 sons were caught unprepared. Result: bloody power tussle.

Aman's second son Afzal ul Mulk seized the family fort and began eliminating his brothers. Nizam ul Mulk fled to Gilgit. Then Umra Khan, the ruler of Dir, invaded from the south. Aman's long exiled brother Sher Afzal (the only one he had failed to eliminate) appeared from Afghanistan with a small army killed his nephew Afzal ul Mulk and pronounced himself Mehtar. Finally, prodded by the British, Nizam returned. Sher Afzal ran away and everybody recognized Nizam as Mehtar.

Two years later Nizam was overthrown by his half brother Amir ul Mulk. Umra Khan also edged up the valley, taking Drosh. In a show of force, the Gilgit Political Agent Major George Scott Robertson (writer of The Kafirs of the Hindukush) arrived at Chitral Town with 400 soldiers and moved into the fort -- the ancestral home. At this time, Sher Afzal appeared again, this time joined by people of Chitral. Badly beaten in an initial skirmish, the British found themselves besieged in the fort. Four hundred people with food and ammunition nearly gone were finally bailed out after 46 days by reinforcement from Gilgit who had hauled cannons over the Shandur pass in shoulder high snow. A bigger force fought its way over the Lowari Pass but arrived too late to help. Umra Khan fled to Afghanistan, Sher Afzal was captured, Amir arrested and his 14 years old brother Shuja ul Mulk was commissioned as Mehtar. In the aftermath, this episode somehow got recast as a heroic British campaign and Robertson was even knighted. A classic example of history chronicled from authors' point of view.

The British realigned Chitral from a western arm of Gilgit to a more secure northern extension of the NWFP. During the third Afghan War in 1919, Afghan forces invade southern Chitral at Arandu – famous crossing point during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

Shuja ruled contentedly until 1936, his son Nasir ul Mulk until 1943 and Nasir's brother Muzaffar ul Mulk (who took Chitral into Pakistan at Partition) until 1948. Saif (son of Muzzafar) was killed in 1954 in a plane crash and his four year old son Saif ul Mulk Nasir became Mehtar, the last one, with uncle as regent. Chitral became an administrative distract in 1969.

Chitral is still not accessible in winters when Lowari closes and PIA Foker cannot cross over the mountains. The word is out that government is working on Lowari Tunnel Project and one day the district may join the mainland and not only serve as gateway to Kalash Valley but the area will open to development.

Artery Cleansing

Advances in medical sciences and procedures have made it possible to live healthier. Have a look at processes like artery cleansing and learn more what it is and how it helps. Also learn about what EDTA oral chelation.

Artery cleansing is a completely safe and natural therapy that has been used successfully for over 50 years. Plaque is dissolved throughout your entire circulatory system. It can reverse atherosclerosis, lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure and help to prevent heart attacks and strokes!

Explore the information rich and neatly laid out site ARTERY HEALTH INSTITUTE LLC report and learn about EDTA, oral chelation and more. “Advanced Formula EDTA Oral Chelation is the only product we manufacture. It is what we know and it is too important to be mixed in with a variety of other dietary supplements, diluting our focus. It is manufactured at an FDA approved facility in the USA,” reads the report.

Go through product information; it explains every thing in detail. Also see the profile of Dr Garry Gordon MD; it is very impressive. Also see what their satisfied customers have been saying about them, at the Customer Testimonials page. The information is very helpful to make informed health decisions when needed.

Simple Pleasures in Life

Owais Mughal





This picture depicts the simple pleasures of youth, but also a sad reality.

Here are children playing cricket in a class room of an abandoned school, in Sector 4 of Korangi, Karachi. This photo appeared in the daily Dawn of September 14, 2008.

The sad part is that this school was completed in April 2003 but has not seen regular classes yet. Newspaper reports say that that drug addicts have also made home in empty class rooms. May the drug addicts stay away from the kids!

Home Security

Home is supposed to be one of the most secure places for anyone. Everyone wants to come back to the safe abode called home. It is important to take precautions and have all preventive measures in place. Good thing is that there are there are affordable home security measures anyone can take.

Have a look at information rich Home Security Information and learn all about home security and what you need to do for security of your own home. Going through the site, I learned a lot and picked up some ideas for myself. I suggest that everyone check out this site's article section to find information on car alarms, car theft prevention tips and much more. In addition to trying what you need, the information on the site will make you informed and security conscious.

Which Cell Are You In?

All human beings live four cells as per empirical observations of one scholar: First are natural restrains. Humans are bounded by natural environment, seasons, atmospheric conditions, other living beings, calamities and every thing else present in the eco system. Second confine to humans is history -- the chronology of the past. It is so very difficult to get rid of the past. Third is society. Humans simply cannot live oblivious of the societal traditions and customs. It is not possible to live alone nor is it workable to violate folks, mores and norms of society while living as its part.

And last is own's self: Envy, love, anger, joy, desire, sex, prejudice, self-indulgence and fears that compel humans to restrict behind the walls.

How can one throw away all these yokes and truly set free. Science can take control of nature. Understanding of philosophy can free the humans from burdens of what went before. Knowledge of social sciences can steer them safely through the society. But getting away from self is the most daunting of the tasks. For that one needs altruism. And that can only be attained through passion for others. Can you suggest any other way?

Where to Meet

Advent of Internet and collaborative technologies have made it possible to meet and chat online easily. If you are looking where you can meet and chat with gothic people, try Goth Match - an upcoming community where you will be able to find gothic people from all over the world. Try them.

From Chakwal

Belonging is one of the best strength. On an article titled Rediscover Chakwal, Bashir Malik – a successful entrepreneur and very concerned and proud Chakwalian reached out and pointed to the facts that are lying deep down in history. I am putting up the image. All those who belong to Chakwal are invited to give their opinion about what has happened to the people of this area.

The title of this clipping reads, "Canadian to formally apologies to Indians for 1914 brutality."



Click the Image to Enlarge

Know Your Community

If you are living in Ohio and know about the locations of all Ohio Sex Offenders, you will feel safe and secure. It is always better to know who are living in your community. This may help making social contacts and avoid any unto wards situation. Explore the site and search for the required information.

Multan

Shrine Shah Rukn-e-Alam


Multan has always been politically alive urban centre in southern Punjab. It has become even more prominent since Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani took charge as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Stand in Qila Kohna Qasim Bagh - accumulated debris of ages - and think of Alexander the Great, Muhammad Bin Qasim, Saints, Mystics, Sultans, Gardezis, Gilanis, Qureshis, and Khawanis. But what you see is the ageing town hall and Ghanta Ghar, Hussain Agahi chowk - Hide Park of Multan - with the nerve jarring rattle of auto rickshaws, tangle of tonga and donkey carts vying for space with mechanical transport, vendors and shoppers, blaring music of audio video music centers and second hand cloths (landa) hung on the walls.

A city of monuments, Multan has been around for centuries. History of Multan dates back to ancient times. As per the legend, its origin is assigned to the time of Hazrat Noah (A S). Under the various Hellenic forms of ancient designations (Kasyapapura, Kashtpur, Hanspur, Bagpur and Mulasthan) Multan figures into works of Hecataeus, Herodotus and Ptolemy. It has been an empire, a kingdom, a province, a state, a capital and now a divisional headquarters. Thousands years after Macedonians, the conquerors of Multan present an amazing variety of races: Graeco-Bactrians are followed by the Kushans who in turn give place to White Hans. The Arab first arrived here in 662 A.D. and it came under Muslims rule in around 712. Multan also remained under Karmatians, Lodhis, and Ghaznivids. Between 1221 and 1528, ten invaders swept through the city till it finally fell in the hands of Mughals in 1528. Under the Mughal rulers, Multan enjoyed years of peace and prosperity. Nawab Muzzafar Khan remained in power from 1779 to 1818, when Ranjit Sing stormed the city. After a resolute defense, British captured Multan on 22 January 1849. From Alexander to Aurangzeb the city was built, damaged, repaired, destroyed, demolished, and reconstructed many times. After the British rule, partition once again changed the face of the city and it witnessed the new demographic and socio-economic order in 1947. Multan has been reinventing itself ever since.

Today, there are 'two' Multans. One is the city of inordinate glory and unique architectural style: imposing citadel, Agha Khan International Architecture Award winner Shrine of Saint Shah Rukn-i-Alam and shrines of Bahawal Haq Zikaryya, Shah Yousaf Gardezi (also other shrines of religious, architectural, and historic values) and landmarks like the newly constructed building of State Bank of Pakistan. It is a city of calligraphers, writers, poets, actors and actresses who make difference in the lives and outlooks of others. The other Multan is a soot-choked city (spread over 28 square kilometers area) developed haphazardly without any planning and foresight. This is a city where old trees are ruthlessly cut and all the open spaces have been converted in jungle of concrete in the last 55 years.

The walled city - one of the living examples of old Muslim urbanization in the world - is crumbling. Refuse is everywhere, the air thick with flies. Electric connections are loose and dangerous wires are hanging about. The narrow streets are dark at night. As you roam about in the old city called androon shehr, you will see aged palace-like havellies, shrines, remains of defensive walls, historic gateways, and mosques in the most unexpected places. That is Multan's charm. There are probably more heritage sites in Multan than in all of Pakistan, which is why this city should be recognized by UNESCO as a "World City of Heritage".

Three severing historic gates (Haram, Delhi, and Bohar gates), Hussain Agahi entrance, Khooni Burg (bloody tower), remains of the wall, and Alang (ring road) around the medieval Old City are crowded with stalls and cubbyhole shops and rehriwalas. As per an estimate, there are about 40,000 venders working in every nook and corner of the city selling every thing from Nali Nihari to new carpets.

Clay pot made in Multan Keeping part of its historical and cultural heritage in tact, Multan has accepted the modern trends. People still like to eat Doli Roti, Daal Mong served on tree leaves, specially cooked Sohanjna (curry) and Tabakhi ke Bor (curry). Word is out and it says that a food street (like Gawalmandi in Lahore) is being planned near Hussain Agahi where conventional Multani food will be served. Needlework on Dopatta (head scarf for women), golden work on Khussa (sandals), and items made of clay and camel skins and Sohan Halwa are very popular. At the same time the blue pottery, glazed tiles, cotton sheets, bed spreads, and towels of Multan are in great demand in Pakistan and abroad. Historian Al Masudi wrote, "Multan is a gold mine" and Dr. Karim Dad says, "Multan is a cotton mine with 35,000 power looms manufacturing exported cotton goods." Gard, Garma, Gada and Goristan are no longer the gifts of Multan.

The last thing on the minds of city planners is preservation of Multan's old and legendary heritage. Historic buildings disappear without regret and even the protected monuments are suffering from vandalism. Only 24 historic monuments have protected status in the city. Whereas at least 131 sites of intrinsic and irreplaceable value have been recommended to be protected by Gilmore Hanket Kirke Limited, London based architects, engineers and planning consultants firm who carried out a survey of the city, in cooperation with the World Bank, a decade ago. The list does not include historic houses, narrow streets and engraved 'jarokee' and bay windows - being eaten by termites - inside the walled city that are a vital and living part of present Multan.

Multan building The services of the Corporation and other city development agencies are barely visible in the city. Multan Development Authority, since inception, has hardly been able to do any thing evident in 362 square kilometers area of jurisdiction. A cricket stadium with seating capacity of 18,000 built in Qasim Bagh, 50 feet above city level, was declared unfit for international cricket in 1984 and construction of the stadium inside the cluster of historic monuments, shrines of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Bahawal Haq Zakaria and Nawab Muzzafar Khan, memorial Obelisk, Barood Kana, Damdama, and Babe Qasim, has been a classic example of ignorance of city planners about our heritage conservation.

During the last days of Tughlaqs, when the whole of their empire was in pieces, Multanis selected Shah Yousaf Gardezi, a religious leader and a saint, to run the affairs of the city. If nothing else, the governance of the city should be improved for the saint's sake whose shrine - a unique specimen of architecture - is venerated by many in the Old City.

Multan is rich in both history and archaeology that make for good tourism. In this age when the word tourism is top most industry, Multan could still be a tourist's paradise. The mall road in the cantonment could be extended to the other (Fertilizer Factory) end of city through Airport, Sadar, Abdali Road, Haleem Square, Khanewal Road, touching Bahaudin Zikria University, Qila Kohna and walled city on the way. The encroachments and other bottlenecks could be removed from the road. "It should be called Nawab Muzaffar Khan Road after the name of a lieutenant of Liberty from Multan," says Professor Atta Ur Rehman Khan.

Not withstanding the aforesaid and other typical misdemeanors, I shall still adore preserving the gard (dust) of Multan with Sraiki speaking, passionate and full of love Multanis.

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Culture

Prof. Dr. Norbert Pintsch


The most important factors for the current development were laid in the 19th century. The rejection of thinking and acting as a community meant for the technology an enormous increase in the industrial production because the division of work led to higher productivity and new professions and it appeared on the face of it to increase the standard of living in western cultures (for example the Taylorism as introduced in Ford automobile factories etc.)

Analysis of the society by political and economic thinkers led to development theories, which could not foresee the effects of these policies as evidenced today. The cardinal error by these theorists was the euro-centristic model, i.e. nobody took the happenings in other cultures into consideration.

In Smith's economic system, the free market functioned globally, as long as global meant regionally and maximum on a national level.

In Marx's political system the democracy functions internationally, as long as the power base is centrally located. This concept is also found in antique Greek city-state models on a local basis.

In both cases, there appears to be consensus on one point, i.e. that "multiple behavioral models (Artenvielfalt)" are not acceptable in these theories. But this is probably precisely the decisive error.

With this sketch, we would now like to analyze the present situation.


Present situation

It is the market factors in a democratically functioning society, which determines the general welfare of the people.

Since the market -in the traditional sense- neither takes into consideration the environment nor the traditional cultures, which are present in rural areas and production of goods leads to certain uniformity because of cost-reduction methods. Every effort must be undertaken, so that the (B.E.P.) does not fall short of targets under any circumstances. The multi-national concerns attempt by adding more products to their production programs to offer a variety of models: since all parties participating in the market work in similar way, but the demand in the market is relatively fixed and not able to be increased arbitrarily, it is clear where the wastage of resources is taking place.

The winner is the one, who has the largest potential of human resources as long as these can be controlled politically.

The intentions and the wishes of so-called democratic countries are understandable, if they exert all possible pressure on others to accept their form of governance.

If this effort does not succeed, their system -let us call it "western system"- would collapse together with all parties involved in it.

There are incredible factors, which remain unconsidered by the members of the City-Culture, they being the innovators and carriers of the enormous misunderstandings and the cardinal errors:

a) There are very different cultures

b) These cultures have developed over a long period of time in inter-action with the climate and the environment.

c) Each culture has its own set of rights and should be the subject of research to shed light on this enormous richness.

Of course much of the matter has been lost due to the way of thinking and the actions undertaken up till now, but exactly this is the task before us; to track down these materials.

Misuse of environment and resources are hardly a subject of discussion in economic appraisals. Similarly, the richness of traditional cultures, which still exist at least in part in the rural areas, which are typically described as "under-developed" is not mentioned in these appraisals. There is no code or value allocated to them. Only when the value has been destroyed, the damage becomes visible. The extent of destroyed traditional cultures is quite evident in the number of museums, i.e. as soon as the traditional cultures began to be considered as money making measures for the institutions, they received recognition as a valid market factor, but in effect became still more unstable.

As the international flow of money is not directed towards local industry and national states, there is a trend towards uniformity through optimization and standardization. This uniformity can be concealed through various designs and requires increased consumption of goods. In order to increase the consumption, the consumers (all consumers of the world unite!!) require financial means, which are actually not available to the majority of population.


Outlook

A special sort of market is created at the place where traditional cultures are promoted. Members of the community have a chance to participate, if they consider it a possibility to maintain their basic requirements, i.e. a form of satisfaction of most basic material needs must remain intact.

Author Prof Dr Norbert Pintsch, Voluntary Director, TTTC TGD can be approached here

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Men and Machines

Developments in computer technologies, in the past decades, have had their impact on human life in more than one way. But where this increasing interaction between human beings and computers is leading and how is it defining the focus of research in the field are some of the valid fields of study that are likely to make difference in human lives in future.

The emergence of information technology (IT), the availability of the web, and the user friendly designs are rapidly increasing the use of computers. Despite odds like literacy, availability (and reliability) of phone connection and affordability, the use of computers is significantly increasing in Pakistan as well. E-mail, real-time text correspondence and voice exchange are already popular asides from word processing and spread sheets. But in Pakistan, most of the new concepts are still untested, which makes any analysis inconclusive.

In developed world, concepts, such as video communications, virtual discussion groups, and forums have become routine and a normal part of corporate culture, education, and entertainment pursuits alike. There the evolution and success of IT aided commerce, telemedicine, distance education, newspapers, and play are all using rapidly developing communication technologies that reach out to bigger number of audience.

In the face of universally increasing interaction between humans and computers, there are some users who are very well integrated with the use of computers, while others still feel estranged. But is that what makes computers friendly or unfriendly in the first place? This question is central not only for users but also for manufactures of computers, related products, and software.

Human and computer interaction is entirely user-based. Which is why computer users have become one main focus of the research and development in the field? The factors that define the computer users and how they will approach any computers are important to the researchers and designers. Talking about the market trends, Amir Hamza, a local assembler and computers' trader and himself computer literate told, "The buyers come with diverse demands. Some ask for iPods, laptops and palmtops but most are looking (and settle) for full-colour, massively high-resolution, large-format display desktop computers." Through the futuristic views of the computer users, manufactures get ideas that keep their research and development departments busy. "But it still may take some time when more sophisticated computer gadgetry becomes affordable in our market," predicted Hamza.

Understanding computers should be easy. For any user, the main area of concern is usability. And, for computer designers, usability has three commonly recognized components: Functionality to ensure that the computer solves the correct problems, ergonomics - an application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of computers, systems and environment - to guarantee the elimination of physical and psychological problems that may arise from the use of the product, and product's accessible and supportive nature. "That is why the hardware and software manufacturers are going long way to obtain the opinion of consumers," said Mansoor A. Sheikh, a local software developer.

When discussing human and computer interaction, the focus is on all aspects of the human use of computers to improve the usability of IT systems. The actual physical design of computer parts also affects how a person interacts with the computer. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize the human-machine and human-environment relationships by basically, fitting the systems to the needs of users. Many research works have been done that suggest that human factor improvements can yield substantial productivity gains savings cost in the process.

The repetitive motions, such as mouse clicking, constantly typing or staring at screen, can result in serious health hazards. Ergonomically sound products, such as wrist supports or glare screens to avoid eyestrain are useful for those whose time is mostly spent in front of computers. Using such products would help users to work more efficiently by minimizing the chances of any injury in the long-run.

With culture as the foundation, users still need to be identified in a much more specific manner in order to ascertain their specific needs and wants. The computer and the Internet being relatively recent phenomenon, the manufacturers can even sensitize the people and initiate cultural trends favourable for the computers. For that the interested companies have to examine the local culture and adapt to it. A marketing expert Dr Professor Ehsan Malik opined, "Any firm that can familiarize to the local cultural needs will have a bigger niche for its products."

Considering only the existing users - from those using computers for entertainment to those professionals engaged in producing say an Urdu software - the division can be based on the frequency of use, the computer expertise of the user, the knowledge of each task tackled, trained users versus untrained users, and finally the comprehensive understanding of the system in its entirety.

The users may also be defined by the type of interaction they have with computer. For instance, someone may use computer as an aid to data collection. And then use the computing features to improve the quality of data by bringing completely new dimension into it. Notwithstanding the fact that only the Internet users will constitute the population and the result may not necessarily reflect the view of the general public. Computer assisted interviewing is an innovation in which the role of the interviewer (biases, interpretations) is eliminated. The interviewing program, on the screen, simply guides the respondent through the questionnaire. There are several advantages, such as no routing errors, the immediate revision of data, new possibilities of question formulation, the quick availability of results, and most importantly, protection against persuasive behaviours. However, the computer user, who probably has not been exposed to computers in some ways, may be affected by just the presence of the computer.

But where the user is more comfortable with computers, the user-respondent would enjoy more privacy and freedom, as they do not have to relay their responses to a middleman, a human interviewer. Moreover, if the theory of social exchange is deemed effective, the user-respondent, in the case of computer assisted personal interviewing, in which an interviewer types in the responses, will be more confident.

Different plans to integrate computer with human as an every day life are under way in numerous institutes and firms manufacturing computers and related products. The days are not far when using computer would be as simple as interacting with another human being. Looking even further into the future, one can subscribe to Raymond Kurzweil's so far quasi-fictional idea in which he has predicted about "merging of mind and machines" in the future.

We are likely to see rapid changes in the fields. But what ultimately matters, as they say in the army, is the man behind the gun (read in front of the computer)!

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Jehangir Abad to Sheikhupura

Those who take their chance to cross the River Ravi from Saghian Bridge to go to Sheikhupura in the suburbs of Lahore have to pass through the flower nurseries. Also, along the road has come up a Flower Market near Saghian Bridge. After turning on Sheikhupura-Sargodha Road from the Chowk where a beautiful replica of Hiran Minar (The Deer Tower) has been made, you drive along the bumpy two-way road lined up on both sides with smoke emitting factories of different kinds: fabrics, chemicals, glass, and paper pulp. At places the pungent whiff reminds as if one is driving on Grand Trunk Road near Kala Shah Kaku. Wall chalking, religious and or commercial slogans - is another thing that one notices all along the road to Sheikhupura.

Jehangir Abad turned Sheikhupura is situated in Ravi-Chenab corridor and fast turning from a market agricultural town to an industrial city. Adjacent to Lahore, the town is surrounded by old places like Sangla Hill (old Sakala), Nankana Saheb (birth place of Baba Guru Nanak) and Jandiala Sher Khan (last resting place of Waris Shah).

Hunting grounds were an important part of the physical environment of Moghal emperors. The place where the town stands today was one of Jahangir's (Prince Salim) princely dominions during his father Akbar's reign. The town was founded by Jehangir, near village Sahu Malli, during his rule in 1607. The king declared the barren jungles adjoining the place as royal hunting ground. After the death of king's darling deer Mans Raj, this hunting ground was changed into a protected sanctuary and hunting was prohibited. In the memory of his favourite antelope, the king also constructed an octagonal tower in 1607 at the foot of the grave of the deer. In 1620, a square lake like pond and Baradari was added to the monument. A causeway with its own gateway connects the pavilion with the mainland and minaret. At the centre of each side of the tank, a brick ramp slopes down to the water that used to provide access for royal animals and wild game. Later he conferred the entire area upon Sikandar Moin.

A special feature of Hiran Minar is its location and environment: the top of the Minar is perhaps the best place in the province of Punjab to get a feel for the broader landscape and its relationship to a Moghal site. Looking north from the top of the Minar, one can see a patch of forest which is similar to the scrub forest vegetation of Moghal times, while to the west are extensively-irrigated fields, a product of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but similar in size and appearance to the well-irrigated fields of the Moghal period. The Lower Chenab Canal has turned the land into one of the most fertile area in the country now.

In eighteenth century, Nadir shah and Ahmed shah Abdali passed through Jehangir Abad once they came to attack India. Punjabi poet Syed Waris Shah had composed some pointing details of the attacks and conditions of the society of the time in his classic folk romance Heer Ranjha. Sikh came to the power in the later half of eighteenth century when Moghal authority weakened after the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir. It is during Sikh rule that the name of the town was changed from Jehangir Abad to Sheikhupura.

Sheikhupura was separated from Gujranwala and declared district in 1920 with Sharq Pur and Khankah Dogran as two of its tehsiels. Electricity came into the town in 1931. During independence movement, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah addressed a huge crowd in Sheikhupura while going to Faisalabad (then Layal Pur) in 1942. Later, the geographical boundaries of the district were again changed in 1962. The remains of once majestic Sheikhupura Fort, constructed by King Jehangir, reminds of the times gone by. Five storied building of the Fort speak of the expertise of its architects. The Moghul Fort was built in 1619 for use as a hunting lodge. The Fort is built of bricks rather than stone, a common feature of Moghul forts. The Fort was later used by Sikh Princess Rani Nakayan and her private quarters are decorated with superbly preserved frescoes depicting dancing girls, hunt and court scenes and images of Guru Nanak. History has it that Arbeel Singh fired one hundred rounds on the Sheikhupura Fort to break in. During Ranjeet Singh's time, the Fort was renovated. Some of the murals are still there on the walls of the Fort. Around the Fort, some wood carving on doors, windows and balconies of old havelies can be seen being eaten by termite.

Maharani Jind Kaur (some time called Rani Jindaan), who was described by Lord Dalhousie as the only woman in the Punjab with manly understanding and in whom the British Resident foresaw a rallying point for the well-wishers of the Sikh dynasty, was kept under close surveillance in Sheikhupura Fort. Henry Lawrence laid down that she could not receive in audience more than five or six sardars in a month and that she remain in purdah like the ladies of the royal families of Nepal, Jodhpur and Jaipur. Maharani Jind Kaur was later exiled from the Punjab. She was taken to Firozpur and then to Banaras. Her annual allowance, which according to the treaty of Bharoval had been fixed at one and a half lakh of rupees, was reduced to twelve thousand. Her jewellery worth fifty thousand of rupees was forfeited; so was her cash amounting to a lakh and a half. The humiliating treatment of the Maharani caused deep resentment among the people of the Punjab. Even the Muslim ruler of Afghanistan, Amir Dost Muhammad, protested to the British, saying that such treatment is objectionable to all creeds."

Old Rai Pur and now famous Nanakana Sahib, a birth place of Guru Nanak and last resting place of Waris Shah in Jandiala Shekhan are also claims of Sheikhupura to international fame. Gazetteer of the district written by British reads, Nanakana Sahib was then in the heart of jungle thirty miles from the nearest railway station and on the anniversary of the Guru's birth was visited by a few hundred pious pilgrims. These days much more Sikhs from all over the world visit the birth place of Baba Nanak.

Despite being near Lahore, the town has not developed and all the civic facilities are over burdened. Over crowding, population increase, litter, and power outages have all played a part in turning small hamlet into a teeming sprawling slum. Moghal King who founded it would not be able to recognize the town if he comes back. There are no sufficient healthy recreations in town and people of Sheikhupura go to Lahore to have an eating experience at Food Street, for celebrating basant bash or for other recreations. The main road that passes through the town was once landscaped on both sides. Now the landscape and green strips along the road have vanished. The bifurcation railing in the middle of the road has broken down at places and people have made crossing points there. Completion of Jinnah Park was very festive for the residents of Sheikhupura but now it gives a repulsive look rather than that of a recreational place. On entering the gate one realizes that the park is not being maintained. Result: polythene bags and wrappers are scattered every where, the grass has not been mowed, there are no flowers, and benches are broken and dusty. A rehriwalla who sells 'Dahi Bhallay' in front of the park says, "I used to do much better business when the park was newly completed but now no body comes here."

The main attraction of the town is a Hiran Minar Complex. Aside from common visitors, foreign dignitaries, guests of the federal or the provincial governments, who visit Lahore, are sometimes taken to Hiran Minar in Sheikhupura for a short break. It is also on the schedules of some tourist operators. But the monument is not being maintained properly and local population is not benefiting from it. Given proper care, it could be turned into a real restful facility for locals as well as foreigners.

What Sheikhupura really needs is: an identity, completion and commissioning of bypass, some grass in Jinnah Park and along the road and development of Hiran Minar.

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Migratory Birds' Route Number 4


Pakistan receives a large number of migratory birds from Europe and Central Asian States every year. These birds spend the winters in Pakistan and go back to their native habitats in the summers. The route these birds take from Siberia to Pakistan is known as International Migratory Birds' Route Number 4. It is also called the Green Route or Indus Flyway. Out of seven flyways, Indus Flyway is one of the busiest routes. Birds begin their journey in November. February is the peak time and by March they start flying back. These periods may vary depending upon weather conditions in Siberia and in Pakistan.


Birds' migration is of different forms: diurnal (during day), nocturnal (night flights), altitudinal (from heights to lower parts) and latitudinal (from north to south). One of the reasons for migration is that food is not available in indigenous habitats during winter seasons. Other factors include changes in temperature, reduced daylight hours, and instinctive behaviour.



The Indus Flyway is important due to the diverse species of birds that take this route: Waterfowls, Cranes, Teals, Pintail, Mallard and Gadwall, and the list goes on. Some extinguishing species like White Headed Duck, Houbara Bustard and Siberian Crane also fly on this route for the deserts, sanctuaries, reserves and coastal areas of Pakistan.

Out of the guest birds two are especially important: Houbara Bustard and Siberian Crane. Houbara breeds mainly in the Kizil Kum Desert region, southeast of Aral Sea in Central Asia and migrates in winters, with a large number settling down in Cholistan and Thar deserts. The Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) is one of the rarest birds in the world. It is snow white overall, with red skin covering the front of the head, face and around the eyes. Siberian Cranes, start from the Ob River basin in Siberia and prefer to spend winters at the Yakutiya River or the Poyang Lake in China. Some of them head for Pakistan. Experts have already concluded that migratory birds have ecological and environmental benefits and contribute towards the betterment of agriculture.

The number of guest birds is decreasing every year. Indus Flyway Committee established in the early '70s and later the National Wetland Committee established in 1996 have not been able to make any difference to improve the living conditions of the birds while they are in Pakistan. The situation can be improved only by dedicated efforts and mutual collaboration of all concerned.

Think of the world without beautiful birds -- singing, humming, flying, and fluttering, dipping, gliding and spreading colours in the sky, on the ground and on the water surface. They are symbols of life.

Guest birds come to Pakistan from far and away as a tribute to the varied topography and climate and natural diversity of our land, to make our country more liveable and likeable. As hosts, our efforts to help them live peacefully are a valid field of activity for sustainable living in the future.

Any bird watchers and bird enthusiasts out there?

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Chitral Via Lowari Tunnel

Chitral is still not accessible in winters when Lowari closes and PIA Foker cannot cross over the mountains. The word is out that government is working on and digging at Lowari Tunnel is already complete. One day the district may join the mainland and not only serve as gateway to Kalash Valley but the area will open to development.

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Tasks Before New President

Anwar Syed

The chosen representatives of the people, supposedly embodying their collective wisdom and virtue, have elected Asif Ali Zardari to live in the majestic and luxuriously appointed presidential mansion in Islamabad for the next five years, and possibly longer.

If in sending Mr Zardari to the presidency the PPP elders thought they were ‘kicking him upstairs’, where he would be rendered harmless, they made an error of judgment. Nor of any avail will be his own post-election statements affirming the supremacy of parliament and the president’s subservience to it, and saying that he will not oppose moves to trim the president’s powers.

He may have made these statements because they sound good, not because he intends to implement them. He may, for appearances’ sake, allow constitutional amendments that reduce the president’s role to that of a titular head of state. The likelihood is that even after such amendments have been made he will continue to have a directing role in this country’s governance. What can be done to mitigate this perversity?

If he cares for appearances, we recommend that he quit the co-chairman’s office in the PPP. He represents the unity of this republic; he is president of the people of all its regions and persuasions. It is therefore in the fitness of things that he should belong to no political party. Second, as we all know, his influence with the PPP notables derives not from the party office he holds but from the fact that he was married to the late Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the party’s founder. The party notables show him deference not because he has done anything to earn it but because he is related to the Bhutto family.

Given Pakistan’s political culture, it would not be improper for President Zardari to share his thoughts on issues of public policy with the prime minister. In doing so he should recognise his own limitations. He has had no experience of statecraft. He may in time become statesmanlike but that remains to be seen. The best course of action for him would then be to limit himself to participation in the making of high policy, leaving its implementation to the officials concerned. There are several issues on which a coherent policy has to be made. Mr Zardari says he wants parliament to be supreme.

In that case, after he and the prime minister and any others whom they may have wanted to consult have come up with the analysis of a problem, including the means of meeting it, they might take their thinking to parliament for its input.

The foremost among these issues is the challenge posed by the militants. There are members in both Houses of parliament who maintain that dialogue with the militants, and not resort to force, is the way to go. Mr Zardari can join the prime minister and his cabinet in identifying the terms of reference for this dialogue, which is another name for negotiation. If it is to go anywhere, the parties must be willing to make compromises.

A political issue involving, let us say, access to material resources, may be resolved through mutual concessions made as the dialogue proceeds. But mutual concessions are not likely to be made, and dialogue will then have no function, when the contention is ideological, involving issues of right and wrong.

In our present situation the government may usefully negotiate with non-ideological militants concerning local autonomy, management of local resources and local customary law.

However, there can be no dialogue with the Taliban who want to enforce their version of the Sharia, which most of the rest of us do not accept. They themselves want to be the enforcers. They want to abolish the state of Pakistan as it is presently constituted and establish their own dictatorship in our land. Mr Zardari’s government should bring out these facts in parliament. If Qazi Hussain Ahmad and Maulana Fazlur Rahman still want a dialogue, let them be sent as a delegation to talk to Baitullah Mehsud and then let us see what they bring back.

The present government, like its predecessors, spends hundreds of billions of rupees more than the amount it raises in revenues. It borrows at home and abroad from governments, banks and international lending institutions.

It gets the State Bank of Pakistan to print money which it spends, driving inflation to unprecedented levels. It runs huge budget and trade deficits. If Mr Zardari wants to do something about this crisis, he should get the prime minister and his deputies to devise ways of reducing expenditures. They should also reconsider globalisation, free trade and wholesale privatisation which do not suit us.

Crime control and restoration of law and order are equally urgent problems. The task here is to identify the means needed, set up and streamline the relevant organisations, and find the money to pay for them. There are other problems that need to be sorted out — insurgency in Balochistan, status of local governments, management of water resources, revenue-sharing, and delivery of essential services, relations with America and India, among other things.

We can be sure that Mr Zardari will have a directing role in this country’s governance to some degree. We do not know if he has the will and wisdom required of a good director. We have to date seen him handle only one major issue of governance (that relating to the deposed judges), and his performance in that case has not been reassuring. He did not want them to be reinstated but did not want to say so.

Some of them have been ‘reappointed’ upon swearing to uphold the constitution mutilated by Pervez Musharraf, thus indicating they have been made to affirm that Musharraf’s imposition of emergency rule and the actions he took in its pursuance, were valid and that their own refusal to honour it was wrong.

Delay as a way of tiring out the other side was Mr Zardari’s favourite tactic in dealing with problems. It worked with the judges who were deposed more than 10 months ago. But it will not work with the Taliban, restoration of law and order or rectification of the budget and trade deficits. Let us then hope (and pray) that he will learn and adopt other ways of resolving the nation’s problems.

The writer is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts.

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Friendship Tunnel, Kohat

Owais Mughal

Friendship tunnel(also called Kohat tunnel) is Pakistan’s longest road tunnel and the second longest tunnel in the country over all. It is located between Kohat and Peshawar on 1264 kilometer long highway N55 (also called the Indus Highway). N55 provides a 410 kilometer shorter and an alternate route between Karachi and Peshawar as compared to N5.

First feasibility study of Kohat tunnel was carried out in 1973. Later on siesmic survey was carried out by OGDC (Oil and Gas Development Corporation) in 1990, parallal to the current alignment of tunnel. A reanalysis of this survey was done in 1997. Official ground breaking of the construction work happened in February 2000 (reference 2 below) and the completed tunnel was opened for traffic on June 10, 2003.



The tunnel has been dug in the hills consisting of lime stone dating as far back as Jurassic era.

It is estimated that Kohat tunnel reduces the travel time between Peshawar and Kohat by 40 minutes. The distance between Peshawar and Kohat is also reduced by approximately 25 kilometers.

Who Paid For the Tunnel: Kohat tunnel is built by the monetary and technical assistance from Japan therefore it was offically renamed as Pakistan-Japan Friendship Tunnel. Technical assistance for the tunnel also came from Malaysia. 100% funding for the tunnel was provided by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). This is the same forum which has been touted as the source for providing funding for the Lahore Rapid Mass Transit (LMRT) Rail System.

Before Kohat tunnel project was started the amount of loan sanctioned by JBIC was Rs 6.626 billion. I still have to research what was the final amount the this project ended up costing (readers can help us here). The original loan is payable in 30 years with 10 years grace period at an annual interest rate of 2.3%

The Ministry of communications is the sponsoring agency of the project while National Highway Authority (NHA) is the executing agency.

Longest Tunnels of Pakistan: Currently, and also for the past 117 years ( since 1891) Pakistan’s longest tunnel has been the 3.912 kilometer long Khojak Railway Tunnel. Kohat tunnel with 1.885 kilometer length is the longest road tunnel and 2nd overall longest tunnel of Pakistan to date. However, both Khojak Tunnel and Kohat Tunnel may lose their respective titles as early as 2009 when the longest tunnel in Pakistan, the 8.75 kilometer long Lowari tunnel is scheduled to be completed.

Traffic Volume: By 2010, Kohat tunnel is expected to carry a volume of 11279 vehicles every day. In 2005 this volume was an average of 6149 vehicles per day.

The map to the right is a simple schematic of Kohat tunnel project alongwith north and south approach roads. Looking at the curvy-twisty old highway towards the left of the image, one can appreciate how much distance is being getting cut by new road and tunnel complex. Notice the locations of Toll booths, management offices, staff residences, control buildings, the tunnel itself and the link road.


Length of Kohat Tunnel: 1.885 kilometer.
Width of Pavement: 7.3 meters - There is one lane in each direction.
Pavement Type: Concrete
Ventilation System: 11 Jet fans
Safety Facilities: Emergency Phones, Fire Extinguishers and Emergency bays.
Vehicle Weight Limit: 10 tons per axle
Height of Vehicle: 5.1 m
Width of Vehicle: 2.5 m

Approach Road Length: 7.79 km (north) and 20.955 km (south)
Approach Road Pavement Type: Asphalt
Width of Approach Roads: 7.3 m
Width of Shoulders: 3.0 m

The approach roads to Kohat Tunnel also include construction of seven bridges and four under passes. The largest bridge is constructed over Toi River, South of Kohat town

Speed Limit: 90 kmph on level pavement, 80 kmph on hilly pavement and 40 kmph inside the tunnel.

In 2003 Pakistan Post Office issued following set of commemorative stamps to celebrate Pakistan-Japan friendship as well as Kohat tunnel


Water Seepage in Tunnel During 2002 Earthquake: A low intensity earthquake in november 2002 caused two cracks in the tunnel. The engineers claimed that the damage was of a very minor nature; the three-metre-long cracks had developed only in the concrete. The crevices had appeared at 57th metre from the Kohat side. The hills through which Kohat tunnel is built are full with water reservoirs and consist of a loose rock structures at various places. The earthquake also caused water seepage in the tunnel. A dawn report of this news wrote: The Project Director informed that the water from the three springs inside the tunnel was gushing out at a speed of 200 litters per minute and had been so far under control. He said that earlier the experts thought it was a seepage which they expected would stop after a few months but only the pressure had decreased during last eight months from 2500 litters per minute down to 200 litters. He said that the springs would be the permanent feature of the tunnel and were of no harm to the structure.


2008 Damage to the Tunnel: In January 2008, people who had no regards of public property and national infrastructure of Pakistan did heavy damage to the tunnel. Vehicles were burned inside the tunnel, light fixtures were broken and Control room consoles were smashed.

Feasibility of Second Kohat Tunnel is Underway: In July 2007, the Japanese International Co-operation Agency (Jica) started conducting feasibility of second Kohat tunnel and access road project under the Pakistan Transport Plan Study (PTPS) phase-II. The idea is to use one tunnel in each direction.

Toll Collection at Kohat Tunnel: A company called VisualSoft, which is a provider of Electronic Toll and Traffic Managment Systems (ETTM) was selected by National Highway Authority(NHA) to provide their trademark HyPass ETTM solution for Kohat Tunnel. HyPass is based on RFID technology. I am unable to confirm if this RFID based electronic toll collection system is still in use at Kohat Tunnel or not. Looks like the webpage of Visualsoft which was the provider of HyPass has not been updated since 2004. I’ll need some confirmation from readers here.

References:

1. National Highway Authority Pakistan
2. Construction of Kohat Tunnel at pakistaneconomist.com
3. NESPAK
4. Analysis of Predicted and Actual Geology in a Tunnel Project
5. Quake Causes Cracks in Kohat Tunnel
6. Kohat Tunnel Construction Paroject (I)-(III) - Field Survey November 2005

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Travel to Write

Travel writing is a fine art; accepted literary genre that is read. Writers who are gifted with an ability to understand what they see and can breathe life into a place when they narrate their travel experiences. The Internet that is wrongly considered as a pedestal for instantaneous scribbles mixed with emoticons and indecipherable abbreviations has already become a place to find some good travel literature, travelogues and travel stories in addition to online trading of travel services. It can be one of the best display places for travel writers to showcase what their countries have to offer.

Travel is prosperity and leisure pursuit, which is a result of many things: history, heritage, culture, natural beauty and a quest to know what is unknown and meet wonderful people.

Pakistan is a land of geographical, geological, and natural contrasts and has every thing nature could bestow; from some of the places like Mehr Garh in Balochistan and Harappa in Punjab where some of the initial human activities began, Lots Valley (NWFP) once home to Gandhara Civilization where Chinese Hiuen Tsiang who is regarded as an early trendsetter traveler treaded, or ancient city Multan that, as per the legend, is living since the time of Hazrat Noah (A.S.), Kalash community existing in an on the edge district Chitral still holding awaiting for anthropologists' conclusive research about origin of their unique identity against all outside pressures for development and modernity, unsolved riddle where rivers were lost (River Hakra in Cholistan) to pristine locations in Northern Pakistan (tree line in Himalaya Range) where one can see two seasons at the same place -- winter above and summer below, and thematic pilgrims for Sikh and Buddhist communities, to name just a few.

Now consider this: All major national publications have some portions designated for travel writing but it is a small and competitive market. For those who write in English -- language that is understood on World Wide Web -- the market is even smaller. Experienced travel writers are associated with newspapers and magazines and new ones get chance to appear in print only occasionally. There should be more travel journalism and industry news. Public should know if the Ministry of Tourism reduces royalty fee by 50 percent for climbing Pakistani mountains that are above 6000 meters.

On the other hand, facts packed guidebooks with eye-catching, superb, clear and sharp images of people and places enlivening every page provide good background information into any country's history, culture, attractions, and its people; information that are useful during journeys to new places. Guidebooks have their own style quite different that travelogues and travel stories. The guidebook publishing business is totally in the hands of famous foreign companies and it is hard for local publishers to compete with them. "Only foreign tourists need and buy guidebooks and they already have one when they arrive in Pakistan," says a publisher Munir Ahmad. Still opportunities for travel writers do come up from time to time. Some guidebook companies also get updates and inputs from local writers and photographers that appear in their newer editions. Some time ago, for example, Insight Guides commissioned a local writer to revise their outdated edition. Tony Wheeler, British founder editor of Lonely Planet while marketing guidebooks on Pakistan prides in growing up in here for some years and has contact with many local travel writers for updates. But, Munir Ahmad says, "Publishing guidebooks is not a viable option here; it is difficult to sell books." Same is the case with self-publishing by writers.

Given the rate of travel industry growth and every one's interest in knowing new places, people and cultures, so many Websites have come up that show travel contents all over the Internet. So far Pakistani destinations have very scanty presence on the Web. Print publications, particularly English, get the original work and pay to the writers whereas most Websites just recycle travel articles from print media.

This scarcity of places where to get published leaves the travel writers to turn to the Internet where they can pitch their ideas to many editors of travel Websites and or interested foreign publications who are always looking for new talent; eager and encouraging. Until that happens, the Web is considered one of the best places for travel writes to start.

Not only that; writers can read what has already been published there and find background material and facts. Quick search on the Internet reveal so many starting points, notwithstanding travel writing how-to services and premium travel writers' marketers. BootsnAll.com, where I am published some time, is a Web service that post articles by writers from all over the world. I have found it writer friendly and receptive to new locations.

In Pakistan, so far much has not been documented systematically what to talk of presenting it on the Internet for others to find about with an aim to tempt them to come here and see (and spend their money in the process). Which is why Pakistani travel writers and photographers have a vast field of activity on hand right at home? In addition to glob trotters with a compass, a camera and itchy feet, historians, geographers, archaeologists, geologists, naturalists and birdwatchers also need to publish their work in order to generate wide-ranging interests in off beat and mostly obscure destinations in Pakistan. I know an engineer Itehar Mahmud who works with oil exploration firm and writes about places wherever he goes in connection with his duty. Colonel (retired) Mobeen Ahmad has traveled all along the borders, "for recognizance purposes mostly on foot," he says, during his long service. He also writes his memories in the form of travelogues. It is in this context the Web can be viewed as the playing ground for local talent.

Travel calendar of Pakistan is quite impressive. Where else in the world other than in Pakistan polo - grandest of all the sports – is played at the high ground like Shandor Pass that is called the roof of the world, or moving international cultural festival are held but along Kharakorum Highway. But all the events on the calendar go without any advance publicity or follow-ups. One wonders how interested people come to know about these events. PTDC list of events and festivals need to be improved and lot more can be included in the list.

Somebody has to write the travel literature in order to keep fuelling the demand for airline seats, hotel rooms, tour operators, eateries, transport companies, porters and facilitators, guidebooks, atlases, picture postcards and posters publishers, and other affiliates of the travel industry besides those communities whose major source of income comes from tourism. Kim Rahan, a traveler from China who bought History of Rohtas Fort on location, told, "This buy is to promote interest of people in travel related vocations."

Too often, deftly executed travelogues or a travel story can accomplish much more than any other promotional activity, particularly a story that combine passion, personality and perspective. Every place has a story (and a history), as they say. If you have a drive to write, there is a need of extensive travel writing. Tell your story.

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Publishing Experience

Every body has a book in his mind, as they say. But, everybody trying to write one is a different thing, and self-publishing one yet another. There are lots of considerations that induce people into writing about various things: people, events, ideas, issues, passions, observation, noble causes, problems and more. Some of these are pricked by their strong sense of right and wrong to raise their voice for or against a cause of their own or of their community's interest, while some others do it to cover up some disrepute and or misdemeanors. There are those who do it for amusement. And the ones for whom writing is a career. Of the many other classifications, there is a class of writers and it is a very well populated fraternity that takes its writings as a means to achieve an end. The end, of course, varies from person to person, but the mercenary passion with which the community members market (yes, market) themselves remains constant.

As a sub category of this specie there are among them the innocent writers who keep visiting publishing houses simply in a hope that some day someone will be convinced about the great idea presented by them and will be willing to invest on the publication of their work. The writer whom I am going to profile here is a commoner. That seems to be his first problem. When the first time he took the draft of his book to a well-reputed publishing house, the owner of a publishing house enlightened him to go do something else instead of writing. My writer friend was surprised with how the owner had given his opinion even without setting an eye on the draft of his life long labour of love.

My friend did no lose heart though. He kept visiting publishers "who would publish his book and give him royalties and he would grow famous and rich and then he would write some more". Somebody had told him that this is what happens to every new writer. After a lot of legwork and listening to many unfavourable remarks, he came to the conclusion that they are not going to benefit from his work. They were unlucky!

And finally he decided to become a publisher of his own book. He thought that after the publication of his first book people would discover the gem in him and would come searching. Now the first problem was finances. He consulted his wife who was very proud of him but unable to help financially. She advised her husband to get one copy printed to be kept in their drawing room so that any body could see that "we" have written a book. The idea was very sincere but hardly practicable. Then he consulted his friends. Everybody gave his opinion with a varying degree of sincerity. But one of his friends was most candid. "Do you have a car, bank balance or any other sellable assets, asked a friend? The answer was obviously no. The candid friend told him that he was already living a miserable life so why not get a loan from the bank and publish a book? Banks are so eager to offer personal loan these days. Of course every thing would be all right once the book was published added the friend reassuringly. And the writer agreed to do just that. Why had this simple idea not come in my mind my friend kept thinking?

Composing, printing, binding, and finally the book was published and dumped in the house of the writer. It was a great boost to his already highflying ego. A new marathon to market and sell (read dispose of) the book started. The writer kept the copies of his books for display at all the bookshops in the city (who agreed to that). How he managed to keep his book in display windows of the bookstores is yet another story. But after six months once he went about to collect the sale proceeds he, to his horror, found out that only four books had been sold. Who were those four patrons?

Now the writer started distributing his book to his writer friends other members of the fraternity -- with a hope that they would write about him and his book in the press and he would get noticed. But the best remark he could get in the press was that this: “He is very promising and upcoming writer of the future.”This is a crux of my lifetime experiences, empirical observations and research findings. What else I should come up with he thought in awe. The others have nothing new, they just write rumours and yet they are published as well as sold and appreciated. The newspapers carry their profiles and interviews. Why not me?

On the advice of yet another sincere friend the writer managed to pursue a "writers' forum" in the town to arrange a book launching ceremony. Sitting on the stage between the chief guest and a few guests of honour and listening to the speakers talking about him my friend kept thinking about writing his next book. During high tea (that was financed by the writer himself) after the speeches, the spirits of my fiend was at the zenith.

Over a period of time and after a lot of sittings with my "writer friend", I have found out what he thinks about future. He is convinced about two things: One that he is a great writer and has to be 'discovered' by others some how. Second, or else, as written by Kevin Kelly (in some other context) in a recent cover story in time, "The page (and reading and writing) will die. Who will adhere to the linear rationality found in books, new and old?" But I dare disagree with my friend.

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The President of Pakistan

Owais Mughal

Asif Ali Zardari becomes the President of Pakistan today (Sep 6, 2008) after winning the presidential election. He secured 479 votes out of 702. His opponents, Retired Chief Justice Saeed-uz-Zaman Siddiqui received 153 elctoral votes and Senator Mushahid Hussein received 43. Asif’s victory in three provinces is overwhelming, especially in Sindh where his opposing candidates couldn’t get a single vote. Only in Punjab Assembly Saeed-uz-Zaman Siddiqi is able to get more votes than Asif.

The vote by the two houses of parliament and four provincial assemblies forms the 1,170-member, but 702-vote, electoral college. According to a Dawn update:

‘Asif Ali Zardari secured 281 votes out of the 426 valid votes polled in the parliament,’ chief election commissioner Qazi Mohammad Farooq said. He has secured 458 out of 702 electoral college votes, according to partial Election Commission results.


Asif Zardari is the 13th President of Pakistan. The ones who have been President before him include: Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Zia-ul-Haq, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Waseem Sajjad, Farooq Laghari, Waseem Sajjad, Rafiq Tarar and Pervaiz Musharraf. Waseem Sajjad has twice been the President of Pakistan.

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In Rawalpindi

The bustling city of Rawalpindi has a lot more to offer than a traffic mess, broken roads and haze-filled atmosphere. The city’s history spreads over several millennia. Archaeologists believe that a distinct culture flourished on this plateau even 3,000 years ago.

The archaeological remains found here prove the existence of a Buddhist community contemporary to Taxila, but less celebrated than its neighbour.

Historians believe that the ancient city fell victim to the devastation caused by the Huns. The first Muslim invader, Mahmud of Ghazni (979-1030AD), gifted the ruined city to a Gakkhar chief, Kai Gohar. The Gakkhars were a fiercly independent tribe of the Potowar Plateau. The town, however, being in the route of invaders, could not prosper and remained deserted until Jhanda Khan, another Gakkhar chief, restored it and named it Rawalpindi after the village Rawal in 1493.

Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Gakkhars till Muqarrab Khan, the last Gakkhar ruler, was defeated by the Sikhs in 1765. The Sikhs invited traders from other places to settle here, which brought the city into the limelight.

Following the British victory over the Sikhs and occupation of Rawalpindi in 1849, the city became a permanent garrison of the British army in 1851. In the 1880s, a railway line to Rawalpindi was laid, and a train service started on January 1, 1886. The need for a railway link arose after Lord Dalhousie made Rawalpindi the headquarters of the Northern Command and the city became the largest military garrison in British India.

In 1951, Rawalpindi saw the murder of the first elected prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, in Company Bagh, later named after him. Today, Rawalpindi is the headquarters of the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Air Force.

The modern city has everything that one can desire – good eateries, playgrounds and shopping centres.

Though many shopping centres have opened all over the city, two main bazaars, Raja Bazaar in the old city and Saddar, which developed as the cantonment bazaar between the old city and the Mall, continue to attract a large number of visitors every day.

For a traditional Lahori breakfast, Banni or Purana Qila offers the best ‘siri paiyay’ ‘nihari’ and ‘chanay’.

Commercial Market, off main Murree Road, is fast becoming the hub of business activity in the city and besides some good restaurants, one can shop here for quality clothes.

The crowded alleys of the old city like Purana Qila, Bhabra Bazaar, Lal Kurti, Banni and inner areas of Saddar, are home to many attractions, including ancient Hindu and Sikh temples.

Some of the old houses in these areas, though dilapidated, are a tribute to the master artisans and masons of yesteryears. The beautiful construction and woodwork survive even today, despite the passage of over a century and the fact that no effort has been made by their current owners to preserve these buildings.

Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road, covering about 2,300 acres or 9.3 square kilometres, and has a lake with boating facility, an aquarium, a garden-restaurant and the Play Land.

Rawalpindi Public Park, located on Murree Road near Shamsabad, was opened to public in 1991. It consists of the Play Land, grassy lawns, a jogging track, fountains and flowerbeds.

The cricket stadium, built in 1992 opposite the public park, has seen some of the world’s top cricket teams play one-dayers and test matches here.

There are many forts and other places of tourist attraction a few kilometres outside the city limits.Rawat Fort is located 17 km east of Rawalpindi, on the Grand Trunk (GT) Road leading to Lahore. Gakkhars built the fort, in the early 16th century.

The grave of Gakkhar chief Sultan Sarang Khan is located inside the fort. He died in 1546 AD in a battle against the forces of Sher Shah Suri. Up from the broken steps inside the tomb, is a panoramic view of the plateau and the Mankiala Stupa.

Pharwala Fort is about 40 km from Rawalpindi beyond Lehtrar Road. It is also a Gakkhar fort built in the 15th century on the ruins of a 10th century fort.Mughal emperor Babur conquered the fort in 1519 AD. In 1825, the Sikhs took over the fort. Though crumbling away, it is still an attraction for castle lovers and the artistic.

Rohtas Fort, a UNESCO world heritage site, is 109 km from Rawalpindi. It is located about 6 km southwest of Dina.The fort is one of the most impressive historical monuments in Pakistan. It was built by Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri between 1540 and 1547 AD. It served as Suri’s fortified base for military operations against the Gakkhars.

It was later used by Mughal emperor Akbar and the Sikhs. Within the huge terraced rampart walls with robust bastions and twelve gates, is located another fortress, palaces and ancillary buildings.Rawalpindi also served as the interim capital after Islamabad was declared the nation’s new capital in the 1960s and was still being constructed. So the infrastructure was shifted to Rawalpindi from Karachi, the previous capital of Pakistan, and then was moved to Islamabad.

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City Paths

There should be footpaths with environment that is conducive to walking in our towns and cities. Heavily trafficked streets are stripped of life by noise, congestion and fumes and it becomes difficult for pedestrians to walk along city roads. Sadly, footpaths are continuously diminishing every day making towns and cities all over the country more and more unlivable.

Footpaths (also called sidewalks or pavements) are paths designed for pedestrian traffic and often run alongside roads. Footpaths are more common in modern urban areas and are sometimes separated from the roads by tree lanes or flower beds (depending on available spaces and prior urban planning).

In developed world, some paths are shared by pedestrians and cyclists. This can be expressed by saying that bicycle travel is allowed on the sidewalk, or that pedestrians use the bicycle path, since there is no sidewalk. In the areas in which car traffic is intense, a growing trend is to create dedicated bicycle paths for cyclists, either as a lane on a sidewalk, a lane on the road itself, or another separate path, in order to let them have a safer, distinguished space. In some countries, sidewalks are often the responsibility of the adjacent property owners. In our towns and cities, however, there is only one path and bicyclists usually have to use the road. At most places even that does not exist or if there, it may be being used for purposes other than walking.

Now imagine this: The road network in a majority of our towns and cities is characterized by narrow carriageways, poor surface quality and absence or inadequacy of footpaths. Most of the network has also not been provided with footpaths in the first place. Even the limited road capacity is further reduced by way of on street parking, encroachments by hawkers and shopkeepers on carriageways and footpaths, lack of parking or terminal facilities and existence of mixed slow moving traffic comprising motorbikes, animal-driven vehicles, rickshaws and hand carts. Unless remedial measures are taken this situation is expected to worsen in the years to come.

"There are powerful forces creating vehicular dependency," says a sociologist Dr. Muhammad Anwar Khan, "considering the attitude of the people, particularly effluent class, towards ownership and use of vehicles, it is highly unlikely that provision of safe footpaths can stop this dependency but walking friendly routs along roads and streets can slow down the trend and allow health conscious residents to take a chance by foot."

In cities and towns that are distinguished by fast pace of life, walking is a socially beneficial activity because it is cheap; it allows people to appreciate their local environment; it promotes social contacts; it is non polluting and environmentally sustainable and it is healthy, and most of all it can contribute to the Urban Renaissance. Footpaths (also open spaces) are a good proxy measure for urban health. Ideally, each road must have a safe, convenient and comfortable footpath for pedestrians. But trip hazards on footpaths are a key concern at all times.

Who is responsible for this neglect? "Municipalities have the main responsibility for land-use planning and for developing and managing the physical environment of urban areas. But city and town development is a complicated process where a number of stakeholders often have contradictory interests. The municipalities are dependent on close co-operation with the private sector, public and private developers and national authorities of various sectors in order to create a comprehensive approach, co-ordinate efforts and balance out different interests," says Abbas Kazimi, a Civil Engineer engaged in town planning. This vital cooperation seems to be lacking at all levels.

Most challenges related to land use and town planning in urban agglomerations stretch across several city development authorities with no central agency to overlook and coordinate. Land use and town planning is of great importance for choosing health-enhancing lifestyles in town and cities. More concentrated city-structures and better conditions for walking and biking will increase the levels of physical activity and general health of the residents.

In the short term, cities and town should be made walking friendly by measures such as prohibition of parking on footpaths, removal of encroachments, segregation of fast and slow moving traffic on roads, promotion of priority to public transport modes like buses over private modes through physical, fiscal and other measures, traffic inter-section improvements and lane disciplining. In the long term, every new road should necessarily have safe footpaths all the way. Besides highway department and municipalities, the private sector that has contributed to urban sprawl, through rapid developments of new localities, should be bound to do this.

Existing footpath maintenance should be carried out in response to problems faced by footpath users. Where a footpath is hazardous to users (potholes, blockades) emergency measures may be taken to provide a safer surface. Temporary repairs and damaged sections of footpath may e replaced with new material during the routine maintenance. New footpaths should be built where possible.

Brick lining of the footpaths have been replaced by asphalt and tough tiles but attitude of commuters towards pedestrians have not changed a bit. Sajida Javed, a housewife living in Defense Housing Society says, "It is a free for all society when one hits the road in any of the cities in the country. In the absence of safe footpaths, people driving in our crowded habitats should be more courteous towards those walking on roads. Otherwise women and senior citizens will always be afraid to come out of homes on foot." That too makes a difference.

"The decline of safe walking facilities along the roads in cities has severely disadvantaged those without cars. Improved public transport is not the whole solution. Opportunities for increased walking and cycling (such as footpaths and cycle lanes) are essential. It is vital that the need to travel is reduced," says Professor Dr. Norbert Pintsch, a German volunteer living and working in Pakistan. The quality of life in urban areas is closely bound up with the way they are managed and maintained. Everybody should feel safe and at ease, both in the streets and in public places. Who is to ensure that?

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Ucchali and Dhadhar

The twin villages Ucchali and Dhadhar are the place to be for those who seek happiness in being close to the raw nature and to find the most alluring and fascinating places off the beaten track.

To travel as a person interested in nature (as if there were other ways to travel) is to have regrets these days. More and more that one would like to have seen is - inevitably, inexorably - already gone. But there are, of course, many such places out there. Only one has to find them.

The surroundings of these two quaint villages are examples: a complex of three lakes recognized as International Ramsar Site, hills in the background, tall grass, walking trails, and wonderful people. Wetlands are picturesque with their foliage of different kinds of towering grasses, their meadows of floating lotus leaves, their myriads of waterfowl of diverse species. In seasons when lotus and grass come into bud, the lakes present an exquisite appearance, as the water surface along the shore and marshy patches are covered with an unbroken succession of flowers and leaves.
I have travelled to, and through, many places but Ucchali Complex, as the three lakes are called, have something for, or do something to, me every time I am there. Every one who visits this place can have the pleasure.

Tucked in the southern periphery of the Salt Range and hemmed in by its higher cliffs, cluster of natural wetlands — Ucchali, Khabbeki and Jhallar — is situated near two pastoral villages Ucchali and Dhadhar in district Khushab. Experts say that the lakes have been here for at least 400 years, maybe more. But the complex of lakes first came to prominence in 1966 when it was declared a protected sanctuary for the native and migratory avifauna on the appeal of World Wildlife Fund.


Ucchali Wetland Complex in the central Punjab is unique in many ways. Nestled at about 800 meters above the sea, lakes have some marsh vegetation and are mostly surrounded by cultivated land, which is picturesquely intersected by hillocks. The lakes are fed by the spring, seepage from adjacent areas, and run off from the neighbouring hills of the historic Salt Range. The water level and salinity fluctuate according to rainfall in the area and it varies at different times of the year, and year to year. The depth in the lakes also keeps changing and the water is usually saline. The number of birds present in Ucchali Complex also rises and falls widely from time to time, depending upon the water level and salinity. The lakes are one of the most important wintering areas for the rare white-headed ducks (Oxyura leucocephala) in Pakistan that comes here from Central Asia.

Marsh vegetation is confined to small patches along the lake shores. There is a very rich growth of grass (called plankton) in the marsh. The natural vegetation of the region is a mixture of subtropical semi evergreen forest and tropical thorn forest. Even the grass looks magical when it comes into flowers. The golden colour Salt Range in the backdrop also wears a greener look in the spring and rainy seasons. On the southern side, vast stretches of vegetation in the plains are lined everywhere with avenues of trees. The wetlands provide good opportunities for scientific research, nature oriented travel, walking and bird watching.

Walking the area is very refreshing. The only company you might have en route are squirrels, rabbits or butterflies. The public sector orchard near the complex is another restful spot where one can sample off-season fruits of several varieties. The area also makes one of the finest rendezvous for watching birds. The most prominent presence is diving birds that hover over the lakes ready to dive the moment they spot the catch in water. Winged creatures that have arresting tonal contrasts also catch the eye and attention.

On one visit to the Ucchali Complex, I was accompanying a high profile group of wetland experts. They talked in jargon-loaded language — even the name of local birds and trees did not seem familiar to me. Experiencing ennui in their company, I took a chance to talk to the locals and picked up ideas in the process instead. I learnt many interesting stories.

For example, in 1982, a strange phenomenon was observed in the villages Ucchali and Dhadhar. A very broad and distinct rainbow appeared over the horizon of Ucchali Lakes Complex that was seen continuously for 15 days. No scientific explanation of this has been given so far, but the locals think that the rainbow appeared because of a volcano hidden under the three lakes located near the villages. I kept looking at the sky and it looked clearer and cleaner. They also tell that the water of these lakes keeps changing colours due to the volcano. Also, the lakes’ water is considered as a cure for gout and skin diseases. People have been taking the water from the lakes as far as Lahore and Karachi. People think that a pure white winged creature called Great egret, from Grus family, found in the area is a symbol of longevity.

The ancestors of Qutab Shahi Awans, who migrated from Afghanistan many centuries ago, inhabited Ucchali and Dhadhar villages among many others in the Soan Valley where they live in peace using old agricultural methods. The hospitable folks of the area can be recognised by their long shirts and sandals they wear and the loving dialect they speak. There are no facilities in the area, but of course you can rely on Awans’ hospitality.

So far, only geologists or NGOs interested in ecology venture on to the Ucchali Complex. The main reason why not many people know of the place or have travelled to the Ucchali Complex is lack of information. And the public sector tourism departments do not seem keen to help even in providing information about the serene place that’s particularly interesting for nature lovers or bird enthusiasts. I have not seen the mention of this location in any touristy literature.



Residents of the area do not seem interested in research-oriented activities because it does not involve them or have any return for them. They wish that the lakes should be developed as a recreation spot like Kallar Kahar, as it was before the completion of the motorway. That may be wise; especially now that the Kallar Kahar Lake is turning into a typical buss adda (bus stop) due to the proximity of the interchange on the motorway near the Lake.

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Who is Plagiarist?

Broadly speaking, plagiarism as per the popular literature on the subject refers to use of another's work without giving credit. This dangerous trend is not new but advent of the Internet has facilitated the speed and methods used.

It is a chronic problem that has been greatly facilitated by the resources rich Internet. Students (mostly those who are not Internet savvy), who plagiarize, do it old fashion way here -- finding some relevant article printed somewhere and getting it typed. In case one article does not cover all dimensions of the topic, a wary student may get some old book on the subject (perceiving that the teacher might not have read it), mark apparently relevant paragraphs and give it to the typist to prepare the assignment. The source material is commonly known among students' fraternity as chappa or nuskha. Some may proof read the typed paper, correct mistakes and clear irrelevant references in the text while some other may not take the trouble of reading "their work".

Clearly, plagiarism is far easier for those who are familiar with the Internet and spend some time online. While plagiary attempts like brazenly copying whole article verbatim from the Internet and giving it to the teachers as one's own work is easy for students but it is out rightly insulting to the capabilities and sense of responsibility of teachers, and rude. So cautious students take two or three relevant articles from the Internet and syntheses them in a way that it looks, at least apparently, like a different work altogether, even though they do not add any thing new in it. But what some students are found doing is this: "searching an article written on the subject and using it as a "template" and working on it, changing the words using thesaurus, paraphrasing, removing advances and unfamiliar adjectives and jargons, adding local context and flavour in the process," says Mohsin Aziz, a management teacher at Allama Iqbal Open University Centre who has to assess lot of written work because most of the students' course work in open university is in the form of written reports, "It is time consuming but fairly secure." That is what makes it hard for technology to detect.

Depending upon how much efforts any one has put in to camouflage the purloined work, a few clicks should yield result. Tracking simple plagiarism on the Internet does not require any special skill. Any one who can log on and use one of those efficient search engines can find out if the text has been taken straight from the Internet. Put some keywords and unique phrases, in quotes preferably, and hit Go. A clever quote may even lead to the whole article.
The very technologies that make such plagiarism so simple, tempting, and seductive can also be used to nail the perpetrators. A quick search reveals that there are a lot of plagiarism detection sites and software solutions claiming to help teachers to detect; go to Google directory for a comprehensive list. (Search also exposes sources that pride in selling written papers or writing as per the specific requirement.) The effectiveness of any detection service or software depends on their being able to identify the text from the indexed material like most search engines. Even if the material has been copied from the Internet source and the detection sites have not indexed that, it will not be traced.

So what teachers can and should do while assessing the class assignments and research papers? Let us enumerate some factors before attempting to answer this question: first, adequate local contents on any subject are not yet available on the Internet, though a lot is available in print form. Second, the educational institutions are not taking this trend seriously; they leave it to the teachers to handle. Where as no teachers, who were contacted for this piece, denied plagiarism practice among students, but no one confirmed the presence of any official institutional policy on the chronic issue or the use of any detection service or software in Pakistan. Surprisingly some senior teachers even hesitated while giving their views on the subject. Third, students have more computers and the Internet know-how as compared to the teachers and not many teachers encourage their students to deposit the written work on diskettes or via email. Most prefer a hard copy, for record sack if nothing else.

I am reminded of what my teacher Ghulam Muhammad used to say, "No body can stop students from doing what they want to do. Teaches (and parents) can only make them understand the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. (This axiom also holds good for ongoing governments' efforts to ban porno sites). First and foremost thing to fight this plagiarism is to let students know about the moral, ethical and intellectual as well as legal aspects of plagiarism and its impact on their life and studies in the long run. Presently, one finds that this subject is not talked about unless.

The other important thing teachers can do is to give specific and contextual topics for written exercises and monitor the progress stepwise as the students write. Dr. Yahya Bakhtiar, Sociologist, says, "I stress upon the process rather than the product. I discuss the topic of their own choice and interest with students, ask for detailed synopses, and lead them to write a report that they should be ready to present in the class and defend if required. Knowing my students, their language skills and vocabulary, I can precisely make out if any of my students use outside help. Any teacher can make out. And for that it is not necessary that teacher may have had come across the stuff earlier." Another teacher says, "We in our department ask students to produce hand written reports." Personally, I do not subscribe to the idea of getting hand written reports and denying the students facilities of efficient word processing. The argument that "They (students) lean something while writing in their own hand even if they copy from somewhere" does not hold ground.

Plagiarism in the first place defeats the fundamental objective of the exercise of the written assignment. "Spending time and efforts in such unhealthy pursuit is unproductive and wear down educational standards in educational institutions. The practice impairs the plagiarists to think logically, construct own arguments, and draw inferences " says Muhammad Wasif, "They can produce better results if they spend the same time and energies creatively and let their own analytical faculties work. They should learn to use others' work to substantiate own points of view giving them due credit."

The unproductive tug of war can go on and on. Unless, perhaps, both teachers and students arrive at a point where teachers can trust students and students guard the trust, but students have to earn the trust first.

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Dina Mangla Mirpur Road

Wandering in an expanse of Punjab bordering Azad Kashmir, one can see ahead up to horizon through a blanket of dull light covering the green fields and occasional villages that are spread along the Dina-Mangla-Mirpur Road. Under the sun's watchful gaze, the valley between Mangla and Mirpur is normally quilted in a hundred different hues of green. Short ride through the valley in very is revealing.

The construction of the Mangla Dam reservoir, one of the baggiest earth filled reservoir in the world, which has a perimeter of 400 Kilometers, has turned into a place of interest and recreation, very restful and clean. A building situated on the lakeside serves as a historical backdrop. My journey to Mirpur started from Mangla Water Sports Club where earlier the speedboat had been ferrying me (and a group of young students from Lahore) across the blue sheet of the artificial lake to its northern extremity. Here somewhere, before the construction of the Dam, the Poonch River coming down from the northeast met with the bigger Jhelum River coming straight down from the north.

The road to Mirpur had recently been resurfaced and even at forty miles per hour, the gravel seemed to take on liquidity under an old vintage and topless jeep we were riding, me on the driving seat. The opposite side of the road was free of chippings but was carpeted with potholes. The lesser of the two evils was to cross over and avoid these littered craters and the occasional oncoming vehicle. Whichever side of the road I choose, there was no refuge from the hail of gravel that rained down on me as the bloated local buses growled on.

With limbs protruding from windows and an eclectic assortment of possessions and sacks of commodities strapped loosely to the roof, these old vintage monsters took on a manic life of their own. Between two dangerously positioned potholes, I shifted down from fourth to third gear with my left heel to accelerate back to my cruising speed. As I twisted with my right hand, I hunched down my head and shoulders in a primitive attempt at streamlining myself against the rushing air. I focused ahead, trying not to contemplate the fatal potential of unavoidable potholes.

What was more, I saw it was about to rain. Rain is no fun to drive in on an open jeep at our country roads, but it did not worry me as much as the dark. Night falls by six o'clock at the time of year I was traveling in this part of the countryside, but that day's lack of light meant an even earlier dusk. The pothole's menace was to increase manifolds after the sun set behind the hills.

Now I was in Azad Kashmir (AK). And in AK one can not only see but also feel and smell Kashmir everywhere. The locals are amazing people. Resilient! Many have faced adversities and oppressions in the past for being Muslims and Kashmiris. There are many secrets hidden behind those silent smiles --secrets and strengths. In my experience, the Kashmiri people go to extremes to ensure their hospitality is perfect. I slowed down as I pass a picturesque village -- carefully constructed modest and some modern abodes with various kaleidoscopic colors of rustic life.

When the village was almost behind me, we stopped to take photos of the scene. The compass needle of my mind swung and I realized that the track must lead to the river. I share with many others the overpowering urge to take the perfect picture, that one image to sum it up, to capture it all. No need to try to reach for the words, only to lose grip and land on mediocrity. We all decide to leave the road and head down the enigmatic track. The looming threat of the gray sky forgotten, replaced by fantasies of taking photos as evocative and timeless. As we turned left, the road was immediately replaced by a rutted and dusty track. I shifted down to second gear, knowing that balance and acceleration will be of far more use than speed. As I passed the three children from the village on their bicycles, I sounded the horn. Despite six legs pedaling furiously to keep up with me, even at my slowest, I lost them quickly. The track slops downward on gentle gradient, bends and there it is - the road abruptly ends as it is intersected by dark blue running water - the River Jhelum.

Back on Mangla-Mirpur Road, one passes the occasional house and makeshift tea stalls but other than that, all one sees are fields. The low mountains that run some time parallel to the road some time seem straight ahead. I started to feel the odd drops of rain. The drops were becoming more frequent and in a short time, I was under a torrential downpour. As I sat with the jeep in neutral, the options were: head for Mirpur in the rain or remain there and get soaked whilst hoping it stopped. And if it does not stop, riding to Mirpur in the dark and rain and that is the time I wished to sit in a covered vehicle, dry, with wheels planted firmly on the ground and maybe a hot cup of tea in my hands. I quickly purged such thoughts. There was no choice but to keep on. I concentrated so intently on this task that I could not weigh up the situation till without warning the rain ended as abruptly as it had started.

The roads were washed clean and drying following the rainstorm when I entered the town situated at 459 meters above sea level and linked with the Grand Trunk Road at Dina. The town, not so much of a market, is well planned and the buildings are mostly of modern design. Mirpur is developing into an industrial city very rapidly. Textile, vegetable ghee, logging and sawmills, soap, cosmetics, marble, ready-made garments, matches, rosin, turpentine and motorbikes manufacturing industrial units have already been established in the area.

Mirpur comprises partly plain and partly hilly areas. Its hot climate and other geographical conditions closely resemble those of Jhelum and Gujrat, the adjoining districts. The people of this area are farmers. Since the 1960s, a large number of people from this district have gone abroad, especially to the United Kingdom and the Middle East, for economic reasons. As such they are today the major foreign exchange earning source for Azad Kashmir and Pakistan. Around 50,000 people were moved from the area in the mid-sixties to make way for the construction of Mangla Dam. Most of these people settled in new Mirpur whilst some moved elsewhere as far as 'Walayat' as United Kingdom is called in this area.

AK is the hinterland one would like to get lost in, exploring slopes, hiking along ridges and riding down the bowls in natural, alpine and pollution free environments. No hurrying up. Maybe any cultural anthropologist can just watch people's behavior going about little chores of life. Whether it is viewing a family working in fields or watching a young one selling fruit on roadside, "There is much to be learned from non-active participation," as an anthropologist would say. Or to switch roles, as many will realize in a place like AK, it is actually the traveler that is the one being watched intently by hundreds of curious eyes with so many questions?

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Crosswords

Kalpana Sahni

Words fly with the winds. “They slip away across the universe” transcending borders, bypassing visa and security officials, and sprouting, like seeds, wherever they find fertile soil. They grow roots in a language long before dictionaries accord them an official status of recognition, or else seek to banish them.

Perhaps a hundred years from now, some linguist will come up with a ‘theory’ that American English is the mother of all languages, basing it on the computer terminology which has proliferated every corner of the world. Hopefully by then people will not be as gullible as they were in the past and, while accepting the contributions, treat the ‘findings’ of the linguist as a humorous prank. The barrage of new computer terms arriving out of the sky daily, is unprecedented: e-mail, floppy, mouse, spam, desktop, virus, hack, laptop, drag and drop, firewall — seemingly familiar terms with new meanings. And then there is SMS language. Every new technology comes with its peripherals — words.

Who can say that a particular language is pure with no foreign ‘pollutants’? Throughout history, languages have been enriched by alien words through alien contacts. If the enrichment is transient, the adopted words soon fade into oblivion, but if crucial, they remain, come what may. They may even give way to new alternatives. Words like algebra, alcohol and elixir entered European languages a thousand years ago from Arabic and stayed on. Such words help us delve into a country’s cultural history and pose uncomfortable questions to official histories. The English ruled over us for almost 200 years yet observe the extensive spread of their language! Compare this to almost 800 years of Arab presence in Spain! The influx of Arab terminology in European languages, including science, is unprecedented! But that needs another article.

As for the English language, by the 13th century it had adopted over 10,000 French words 75 percent of which continue to be used today. In 1066 the Norman king William the Conqueror invaded England and French became the official language of the English Court, government and gentry. French terms relating to legislation, defence, fashion, food and much else wound their way into English and to this day English and French words coexist. There is ‘freedom’ but there is also ‘liberty’, ‘wedding’ and ‘marriage’. Pig is English, but its meat — pork — is French; cow is English but beef is French.

Governments, however, have unique ways of displaying their patriotism. The French Academy, set up in the 17th century by Cardinal Richelieu has the responsibility to “fulfil its traditional role of regulating language” by retaining the purity of French and expunging foreign words while inventing French equivalents (predictably, the original Arabic terms remain). American English ‘imports’ are perceived as very dangerous viruses. So the Academy has coined a term “une lettre electonique” to counter “e-mail”. Perhaps the French government departments are perforce using this term, but the layperson prefers ‘e-mail’. Two outcomes are possible from such regulations; the artificially created language will die, or it will, over time diverge from the popular language. France is not alone. Some German scholars informed me that there is a German government handbook, a bible of sorts, with ‘allowed’ words. It is replenished every year. Despite variations in the tongue in parts of Germany the scholar/journalist has to limit his text to the permissible words through self-censorship, or else the editors and publishers will expunge them. India, Turkey and Pakistan did not want to lag behind Western democracies and they too made attempts to find equivalents for foreign terms. Sometimes foreign words and their government-sponsored equivalents coexist, more often not, as in India. We have any number of take offs on our government’s valiant endeavours to control language. People have offered their own substitutes: kanth langote for ‘necktie’ — a literal word for word translation, and murg poonchhal sammelan for ‘a cocktail party’. The number of Sanskritised words incorporated into TV news assured the government channel of a dwindling viewer ship. Every time the news came on the air (in the days when there was only one channel) my uncle would declare, “Now listen to Hindi in the News”, (instead of “Ab aap hindi main samachar suniye”). Frankly speaking I cannot follow the Urdu news on Pakistani TV either. There, the noble government has Persianised the language. Yet, chatting with friends on either side of the border poses no problems.

Personally, I prefer the freedom of multiple choices. If I want to express “love”, I want to be able to turn to ishk, pyaar, prem, love or mohabbat. Or do we need some erudite official to guide us in that as well? Thank goodness there is Bollywood to remind us what the winds have brought and seeded in our part of the world.

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Ties

Ties have recently become a subject for debate in Britain after some of the most famous proponents - including newsreader Jon Snow - began publicly wondering whether they had a future.

it seems that chief among the ties tormentors could be a small Silicon Valley firm you may have heard of: witness this odd piece of communication from Google spotted by our regular columnist Nick Carr.

It comes from Peter Fleischer, Google's top privacy boss, who wrote a letter to the Financial Times on the subject.

It constricts circulation to the brain. And it acts as decorative camouflage for the business suit, designed to shield the middle-aged male physique, with its shrinking shoulders and protruding paunch, from feeling sufficiently self-conscious to hit the gym.

Men should lose their "business attire" and wear T-shirts to work. Wouldn't you like to know whether your business partners are fit? Why should you trust a man in business if he abuses his own body? And heaven knows what waves of creativity might be unleashed, when men are freed from conformist garb.

If your fashion editor can hardly imagine a better garment for men to exhibit their personality, power and masculinity than wearing ties, well . . . I work at Google. Our unofficial motto is, "Be serious without a suit."

So not only is Google taking on the fight against ties - but it also seems to be advocating a policy of judging books by their cover. Forget whether Google is spying on you, those of us who carry a little paunch should be running scared of the 'plex.

What yo say on this?

Via Google lobbies - on neckware policy by Bobbie Johnson

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POVERTY - Blog Action Day 2008:

Poverty speaks for itself. To announce my support to eridicate pverty, I ask you to read this, I asked persons from different segments of our multi-classed society to account for their monthly income and spending. All the accounts were very revealing. This is the story that moved every one.

An old lady named Suban, in her late 70s may be, she did not know her age, lives alone with no male member to look her after. Having lived all her life in the remote village in district Chitral, her total possession is three goats she had. She takes them out for grazing every day and also performs other domestic chores single-handed. She is healthy, active and happy with life. I once asked her about how she manages her expanses (read budget)? On lot of coaxing she said, "I will be happier if my goat delivers three lambs this time." Surprised, I asked her to explain. She said, "I will sell the lambs and put a new roof on my home and will sell all the milk to live comfortably!" Her budget is simpler but life certainly is tough.

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Future Habitats

Dr. Norbert Pintsch

We have already discussed and illustrated Technology and Economy in connection with extreme housing in in parts 1 and 2. Here we discuss the area of Philosophy and the Religion in order to complete the whole picture.

First of all a note on, perhaps surprising, aspects of Religion:

  1. The basis of thinking of believers as well as non-believers is identical. If non-believers are of the opinion, they are free of religious limitations and think clearly on scientific lines, so this shows actually their incapacity to admit the influence of religion on our way of thinking.
  2. One should accept this fact in order to understand the errors in the usual way of thinking, giving a shocking dimension to the usual concepts of finding problem solutions.
  3. In western systems, one is inclined in religious matters to make a comparison between bananas and Neem-tree, i.e. one compares, what is actually incomparable, e.g. a religion with a total life system. One can only compare in order to recognize the differences and after that again separate, because the incomparability becomes apparent,- a continuously changing process which should be quite clear.

The deficient knowledge in the totality approach and the appropriate actions lead to enormous deficits, which are completely covered up in consumption oriented and resource squandering actions. This situation leads to a fascinating situation, which fades away the sense of error.

In spiritual area, the co-called Knowledge of the Time in the internet is actually misunderstood as knowledge itself, even though experts have called it Pseudo-Knowledge,- the strenuous work of the real search must still be done. In material area, the selection of menu in a fast food restaurant is actually understood as general reality! Especially the field of designing helps towards increased consumption, without questioning usefulness of the products at all.

Especially in technology and research-oriented areas, the increasing exploration attempts are mostly considered in themselves as development.

Illlustration 1 shows the various systems ôf the methods in which we proceed: We try to bring order to chaos and begin to recognize the matter, we try to incorporate the gained knowledge into a pattern, the pattern becomes a reality on which new theories are constructed. In this way the distance to reality keeps getting larger and larger and with that also the quantity of the basic fault, which is to be seen in the context of a fiction-reality comparison.

But the reality is actually different and the correct way would be to move away from the effort to bring order and move towards the reality and then again create a new order. This organizing and re-organizing is a permanent process which should be done deliberately.

Would the system “Life” function like the industrial, research and economic systems, one would need “the whole surface of Asia for an amoeba”!

The understanding of known and above all unknown senses is defeated due to erroneous total understanding and can only be compared with the often quoted spiritual dullness of the middle ages in Europe

The enormous discrepancies between the claim and the reality, whereby we are aware of the error multiplications of the previous generations, can be clearly seen in a production comparison between human and machines:

In the first case, production is carried out in a compact and integrated manner.

In the second case the work process reminds of the sorting efforts of early childhood: everything which doesn’t match a toy is put away separately. The development of Extreme Housing does not make such a development unnecessary, rather senseless; this aspect shows the real position of the so-called development.

Loss of knowledge or ignorance, the problems between belief and thinking as well as between thinking and knowledge may be largely seen as intellectual trickery and of absolute uselessness, however they have still not lost their importance. The only thing lost appears to be the importance of the necessity to look into the matter more deeply.

It is not new in the history of mankind to attribute all things improper not on natural factors or their personifications but rather on to an unknown, indescribable single power. One has always tried to focus on a single point even before the start of the civic calendar. If one keeps following this method consequently, the way of thinking internalizes to such an extent, that the secondary and tertiary users of the method become incapable of realizing the reality.

As a consequence of this knowledge, a pseudo-reality is created, which due to the monotheistic influence, leads to thinking and acting in a manner, which is characterized today as success and problem-oriented approach, without actually regulating anything! This is because the capability to manage something is connected to the ability to perceive something. Only that exists, which can also be proved,- what cannot be proved, doesn’t exist at all.

Paradox are scientific claims, which cannot prove their subject.

The conflict potential in the cultural system is expressed in technology, in economy, etc. but the basic problem lies in the one-sidedness, one-level of thinking, in the loss of cultural identity, in the loss of values in general. If the distance between technology and economy to philosophy and religion becomes larger (see illustration 2), this leads inevitably to conflicts.


War & Peace,- Facility Management* and similar terms as income generating concepts and more

The desire for peace is an ancient dream of humankind. To be silent and to have peace appears to be much sought, although silence is not the same thing as peace. There is the socalled silence before the storm and we have also heard of the silence of the grave.

War is something inhuman, it is said. At the same time we know, that wars can sometimes be necessary in order to maintain peace. Through wars, such elements which are detrimental to peace are atlast removed after a long process of trying to come to a peaceful solution. War and peace are not limited to economic or scientific factors but they take place almost in all areas of the western and west-oriented world. In the field of philosophy and religion, this is not noticed due to lack of information and in the field of technology and economy, one is unaware of its potential ! By pushing the problems to the consumer level, to which also sport belongs, and the fad of terms like smartest, best, strongest, a war loses its impression of cruelty.

Peace is only possible, if a basis for understanding is available, a platform from which one can argument. This basis is provided generally by theory. As in case of individuals, where one party is never totally innocent and rather both parties carry a part of the blame, so is it also valid for large organizations.

If it comes to intentional war-like situation between large organizations with loss of lives, it affects the individual person much more than the anonymous mass of the large organization.

It should not come to war if human beings actually possess the much praised capacity to understand other viewpoints, generally considered as the most important criteria of differentiation between humans and other living beings, without knowing, how other organisms behave. The distribution of insects in a field can mean the beauty of flower fields for the short-term understanding of the human being, whereas it means the ultimate for the micro-organism.

The path of conflicts can mean for some people new work opportunities and incomes*, whereas one does not really recognize a danger in it, that ist until one suddenly finds himself in the middle of the war, which one did not want at all.

We had called intellect as a medium of communication. The intellect does not function like a machine, but is rather hormone controlled. Although there are a number of diverse scientific theories and function models about the causes of conflicts, these can normally be explained quite clearly afterwards as to what has led to the conflict, between individuals or between large organizations, -but at that point it is normally too late: the problems are already created and they are compounded in different forms and at different levels.

In times of general confusion, such conflicts can take place so subtly, that the involved parties do not even realize that they are part of the conflict; because destruction does not necessarily occur through brutal force, but also through negative influence on a value system, which leads to reactions from opposite sides. In this manner apparently beneficial development as understood by one person can create feelings of fear and with that aggression in the other person, without both of them actually understanding the real cause.

Conflicts do not emerge out of nothing; they are either automatic or cultural additions to the human orientation system; if the system is influenced through pseudo- theories, the basis of understanding with the other party is lost, a further input to the existing confusion!

Due to this pro or anti position, the conflict moves from one level into another, sometimes coming to agreement, but reaching another level again and again, till it comes to conflict one day (see illustration 3). That is why we often hear, that conflicts occur between individuals due to their inability to speak to one another. An anecdote makes clear such situation, which may also apply to organizations: in the first marriage year the man speaks and the woman listens, in the second marriage year, the woman speaks and the man listens, in the third marriage year the neighbors listen,- in case of large organizations, we can add the factors of self interest, wishes and aims of auxiliary organizations too.

In a phase of escalation, the physical force is not the only measure, against it, but even together with it, psychological force can also be applied, -in both cases, one is far away from creating an understanding, although the intellect has been used with all its possibilities. In such conflicts, there is an end to the relevant system (the death), a change to the relevant system till agreement, but never can we speak of resolved conflicts, even though it may look like that. This leads us to the knowledge, that development cannot take place, if there is only silence and peace and there is no war, which creates fear and leads to readjustment.

The changes to the relevant system refer to very different factors, which take many forms of influence: general disturbance, misuse of rules, demonizing the other side, etc.

The changes and the partly sub-conscious factors of influence take place in current times more and more on a technological level. To these belong not only discussions about human rights, where one party insists they are present and must be valid all over the world and the other party does not share this opinion because of cultural differences. Complex applications in security area also belong to it, so that in case of a conflict, which –it is stressed- nobody wants, what one achieves for its own side, keeping human lives intact. This argument is sold quite well at least to its own people. Even if the described situation appears to be a distant possibility, a civil application of the Facility Management (see illustration 4) is nothing more than a shifting of values, of the influence, of the opposite effects of income generating measures and of the loss of incomes from work. Thanks to, or should one say, due to missing knowledge and the time to reflect, we arrive in current times to the mentioned forms of confusions. For this reason we should utilize, at least from time to time, the possibility to balance out the fundamental deficits, this requires however an appropriate realization. If this realization is not there, it must lead to conflicts, at the end of which a little understanding, a spark, –like a wonder- finds its way into the human understanding.

Sometimes this spark even helps the human generation develop further,- if there are more -one can assume that there is nothing for free-, the peace is obtained on the shoulders of other unlucky people of other regions. If one would attempt to verbalize this tragedy, it would mean the end of comfortableness for the peace preachers. Strangely, there is something old enough from the middle ages, which represents an important factor to promote peace on an individual level: the love; in large organizations, the only possibility to avoid conflict is permanent dialogue, which should take place even if unresolvable limitations stand in the way. This is because the other option to the desire for a certain social order is the reality of chaos (see illustration 5).

* The considerations are based upon a model of CULTURE, in which although discussed in different dimensions from various authors, it still holds, that different cultures still have certain commonalities like a written or verbal form of dealing with each other, some sort of method for material exchanges, some form of activity to pull out of the daily routines, etc.

** As a precaution, we may point out that there are cultural systems, which have a total approach to their subjects but they are often misunderstood from outsiders as religion,- this is an important cause for many misunderstandings. There is a difference whether we consider the founder of a religion as a rhetoric personality or as a communal politician, who carries the responsibility of creating order among the chaos of human inter-action.

Technology and economic-oriented persons can gain knowledge about spiritual problems by the following authors:

  1. Paton:Ueber Nicht-Wissen
  2. Skrates:Ueber Un-Wissenheit zu spielen, um beim Gespraechspartner die Vernunft ans Tageslicht zu bringen (Maeautik)
  3. Drewermann: Ueber Glauben & Denken, Denken & Wissen

Extreme Housing, Technology & Science, Part 1

Extreme Housing, Economy & Sociology, Part 2

Who is Living in Your Neighborhood?

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Learning for the Uninitiated

Like all other fields of human activity, information technology is also pervading different aspects of education that has visibly enhanced learning. Students have already integrated computers in learning, particularly those in the institutions for higher education where IT has been deployed and is being effectively utilised. There is a visible divide between graduates from IT-supported, high-end institutions and those without it. This is a serious issue that merits attention at all levels.

IT has already made seismic impact in distance education. With the advent of computers and the internet, learning is no longer restricted to time and place. Students these days have access to a great amount of relevant information and resources outside the confines of classrooms and auditoriums.

Open universities and other institutions employing computers and the internet (also television, and satellites) have come up and offer education in different fields around the globe. But there is also the digital divide and non-availability of resources to an overwhelmingly large majority. In addition, a lack of quality contents on the web, linguistic and cultural barriers and other similar complex issues are at hand.

However, this is not about distant learning. The aim here is to see the physical employment of computers and IT infrastructure for delivering of the higher education in classrooms, laboratories, and libraries in Pakistan.

Most public sector universities and business schools still lag behind in IT deployment. There are many reasons for this. For starters, economically, Pakistan is yet not a very strong nation. Although government officials’ statements and statistics indicate that the economy has started to mature, yet there has always been a scaling-down in education and investment in the sector which has not caught up with this part of the world and, thus, is hardly a priority.

Hence, graduates of many public sector universities cannot compete with those who have an opportunity to study in private sector universities. While much progress has been made in making computers and the internet available to educational institutions in the past few years, nowhere is the computer-student ratio seen to meet one’s ever-growing IT needs. “You can see more than 25 students flocking to one computer and same number waiting for their turn,” says Mohsin Khan, a university student. There have hardly been any concentrated efforts to prepare students to take advantage of IT and other resources that have been made available by the internet and the world wide web.

There are other problems besides funding which are equally grave. Barring all exceptions, most senior teachers lack technological literacy — “the ability to use a computer, equipped with a CD-ROM player, modem and phone or cable line, as well as output devices such as printers, to gather information, analyse, organise, and understand that information, and present it clearly and effectively.” No disregard is intended nor are the role of teachers or old assumptions about learning being questioned.

Senior teachers have not grown up using computers as their students have. Some of the teachers have become computer savvy but many others have not found the opportunity or the will to do so. For the less savvy, the best technology is still a chalk (at best, a marker) and blackboard and the best interactive activity is a class discussion (read class participation).

This is a serious problem in this digital age. Those teachers who cannot make appropriate use of computers, the internet and the web in teaching have trouble keeping up with their own specialties and staying ahead, what to talk of a few other related areas. It becomes difficult for them to excite, stimulate and motivate their students and prepare them for the real world where employers these days have started looking for graduates who can get along in the global marketplace. Only information technologies can help bridge the gap between the worlds of education and work even in the local job market.

More savvy students who use the internet and spend some time there may also indulge in plagues like, plagiarism and stand a good chance of getting away with it. The cut-and-paste phenomenon in the first place defeats the fundamental objective of the exercise of the written assignments. Spending time and effort in such unhealthy pursuits is unproductive and wears down the standards in educational institutions.

The practice impairs plagiarists to think logically, construct original arguments, and draw inferences. It is difficult, if not impossible, for less savvy teachers to effectively check and put an end to such practices.

Imagine this on the other end: an educational institution having classrooms equipped with multimedia, sound systems and projectors to deliver presentations along with multi-purpose computer labs where teachers illustrate and simulate observable facts. “I bring my assignments and presentations on a flash drive. Our teaching associates transfer the assignment on the teacher’s computer. Or I attach the removable drive to a computer in class and the multimedia software does rest of the job for me. Multimedia is not only a training aid but also contributes to the richness and variety to my work,” says another student.

There are complements of computing facilities, including educational software and subscriptions to some of the online research achieve services like Journal STORage (JSTOR) in purposely designed workstations for syndicate as well as individual work in computer laboratories and workstations in libraries. There are dedicated networks with their own connectivity and bandwidth. What is more, students bring their personal laptops and have the facility to connect and work.

Of course, the extent of the actual change, due to the use of IT and the degree to which progressive higher education enterprises have adapted to these changes, are quite impossible to predict in the longer run, but in the short run they have already earned a reputation among graduates, corporations and multinational concerns.

Students in technology-supported institutions are confident and rely more and more on their own initiative for knowledge exploration. IT enables them to manipulate information in a way that steps up both the understanding and the progression of higher order thinking skills and logical aptitude. The student’s horizon broadens as they gather more real-world data and share their findings beyond their own institutions.

Where one may see all these services in Pakistan? So far, in some private sector universities and business schools that can be counted on one’s fingertips.

Maybe one day, policy makers will think of creating a national educational grid and connect public as well as private sector universities and higher educational institutions to it to provide online information and support for students, teachers. and support and management staff equally. But first, all learning institutions have to have the physical infrastructure which must be needed to get hooked up to any central grid. (Appeared in Dawn)

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Start of War on Terrorism




Ronald Reagan meets Afghan Mujahideen Commanders at the White House in 1983

To See the Plaques and Other Remnants

Attitude tourism - to be distinguished from, say, adventure or seeing the sights - is generally not a particularly satisfying activity. Ideas and those who hatch them tend not to leave behind things large or attractive enough to ogle. So you may go to a place of great historic value but find nothing worth the visit. Lasbela tract is a case in point. Usually, you are left, if you are lucky, with a plaque or just an intrinsic thought. So I expected, more or less, nothing in Lasbela.

What I got was signs in lieu of plaques, hot wind, remnants of crumbling columns, and a long view of the undergrowth of thorny bushes, some wildflowers, functional Persian wells and rocky hilltops covered with camel and sheep droppings. It was all prosaic and quiet and yet real enough to propel me into another fit of wonder: I was driving on the tract where Alexander and Muhammad Bin Qasim had treaded.

One does not have to travel to have fun alone. I understand that. But I know of few surer ways to achieve what I find to be probably my happiest state - wonder - to stick a figurative pin into a map and then experience the grand surprise of seeing someplace I have only identified on maps but not seen before, someplace that inevitably and overwhelmingly exceeded my expectations.

Inhabited for centuries, town Bela is a wonder in many ways. The town is situated in a plain called Lasbela in Balochistan (Pakistan) with its own distinct history. The tract derives its name from the word "Las" which means a plain – surrounded by hill ranges, the greater part of the area is a flat plain, and Bela is the main town at the apex of the plain over 100 kilometers from Karachi. From the early period of history till the rise of the Jamoot tribe in the middle of the eighteenth century, only a few facts are known and recorded about the history of Lasbela.

Time seemed to me to be a greater mystery in Bela. The whole town had the air of being in a time-warp, lost and with its fibers still connected to some bygone era. Bela has been identified with the ancient place Armabel - the place that was visited by Alexander. Mohammad Bin Haroon, one of the Generals of Mohammad Bin Qasim lies buried here. The last resting place of Robert Sandeman, the first British Chief Commissioner of Balochistan is also here. There are numerous sites and caves of prehistoric period around Bela in area of Kud River. There are boulder hills in the neighborhood, which are the remains of ancient settlements. The caves hewed out of solid conglomerate rock situated some 20 kilometers to the north of Bela town are other marvels worth visiting. The Grad Mosque in Bela is an exemplary accomplishment of Muslim architecture.

On his way back from South Asia Alexander passed through Lasbela, according to Thomas Holdich's account, "After Alexande's death, one of his generals, Seleukas Nickator, became ruler of central and Western Asia. For many centuries after this, nothing can be traced about the history. In early seventh century the ruler of Armabel (present Bela) was a Buddhist Somani. Chach usurped the throne of the dynasty of Sindh and marched to Bela in 636 AD. Chach was cordially received at Bela and was impressed with the loyalty of the people of Bela."

The area also lay on the route followed by the young Muslim General Muhammad-Bin-Qasim in 712 AD. On his way to Sindh, Mohammad-Bin-Qasim marched through Bela accompanied by his General Muhammad Bin Haroon. The power of the Arabs lasted towards the end of the tenth century. Afterwards, the area appears to have come under the influence of the Sumras, who asserted their independence when the power of the Abbaside caliphs declined. The Sumras gained a position of supremacy in the middle of the eleventh century. The Sammas under Jam Umar eventually overthrew them in 1333. The Sammas reigned till 1523 when they were defeated and their power was completely broken by Shah Hussain Argon. The succeeding period is again obscure. The chiefs of the Gujar, Ranjha, Gunga and Burfat tribes, who are still found in Bela, are said to have exercised a semi-independent power previous to the rise of the Jamoot tribe. When the British advancement extended beyond Sindh, Jam Mir Khan-II was exercising powerful political control over the affairs of these areas. In agreement with the British, the family ruled until Pakistan came into existence.

Geographically, the district can be divided into the alluvial plain that surrounds Bela and extends southwards up to the bay of Sonmiani and the hilly regions situated east and west of this plain. The plain itself consists of alluvium deposits of rivers. At the edge of the plain, around the margins of the adjoining hilly regions and near the coast, lie raised sea-beaches, some 15 to 25 meters above sea level. The east of the alluvial plain exhibits the greatest variety of rocks forming the hill ranges, which are separated by valleys. The hilly region is situated on the west of the alluvial plain and extends along the Makran coast.

"Lasi" is a geographical term, which applies to all the tribes other than Baloch and Brahvi, Med, Khoja and Hindus who are settled in Lasbela. The principal Lasi tribes are only five in number: Jamoot, Ranjha, Sheikh, Angaria and Burraf. These are called the Panjraj or the five tribal confederacies. Under each Raj are a large number of heterogeneous groups. The few Afghans are mostly nomads, except the Buzdars, who are flock owners and wander about. Minor tribes include the Gunjas, Sinars, Sangurs, Burfats, Chhuttas and Khojas. A good number of Hindus are also residing in Uthal, Bela and Hub. In many places that I had been, I01 heard the Lasis speaking a new dialect.

The land offers exciting landscape. The great span of arid wastelands with a fierce but hospitable tribal people makes the place very thrilling for cautiously curious going to this region. Desolate shrubs, hamlets and Persian wells, relieve the dull brown of the fields.

Not only is the earth good in Lasbela, but some of the people also leave an unforgettable impression. There was my host Muqeem Kumbhar, landlord and agriculturist by profession and local historian in leisure time. He had arranged an evening with a nomad family who had a large herd of camels. We were served Kurut – curry made by dried meat and dried milk. It tasted wonderful. As a sweet dish, there was honey on the food mat, wild honey straight from the wilderness. I must have looked more than usually astonished since Kumbhar explained that there are wild bees in droves and pesticides or some other problem must have driven them here from neighboring areas. The honey had a faint tang of wild berries, a beautiful, lingering taste.

After the dinner we sat under the star-studded sky to chat with the elders of the family. They had seen and knew so much and were more interesting than history books. Obviously, life of the nomads is incredibly difficult even in modern times despite having transistor radios, tape recorders, cell phones and florescent lights.

A trip to this region is a wonderful for those who know the art to become happy when they have an enriching experience. After three days in the area, I turned back for a last look. There was nobody there, nothing but the shrubs swinging with the wind!

Virtual World

Virtual world is seamlessly getting into real world. Social side of technologies is making the World Wide Web much more localized by bringing like-minded people together and in the process creating closely knit online communities.

Combination of features like worldwide accessibility and instantaneous communication has made it possible for backpackers, globetrotters and other curious from all over the world to join together at different online platforms to exchange information, experiences and plans in their favorite pursuit; travel.

Subscribers range from the professional travel writers to hardcore travelers and adventurers and commoners who are simply interested in reading online. Travel communities are accessible by millions of interested people all over the world.

Out of some major and hundreds of less noticeable travel forums on the Web, I have had the fortune to belong to a few and have been visiting some others for my travel information needs.

Exceptions apart, all virtual travel communities have some common features: Communities mostly provide a warm, trusting and supportive atmosphere. When members give information, they do it with great care and responsibility. They rely on each other more than they do on outdated travel guidebooks or on second hand and static information from conventional travel literature.

Visit any online community and one finds anything related to travel, along with flames and off topics, which are informative, sometimes funny or even annoying. The mutual exchange of information is not restricted only to destinations, affordable places to stay and dine in, security issues, maps, weather conditions there and where to have best bargains and how to find public restrooms or which Websites better describe any particular place. Or which dress a female anthropologist going to study Kalash clan up in northern district Chitral should wear during her extended stay there. It goes much beyond to helping in finding work, selling and promoting each others in local markets.

“Travel forums have become hunting grounds for meeting fellow travelers and making new friends. You really do not require any other reason to join a community or two,” says Atoorva Sinha who intends building up travelers’ community at Mindzwine.

Carla King is founder member of one virtual travel community called Wild Writing Women for female travelers. She emailed, “When we published Wild Writing Women -- Stories of World Travel (an anthology of women’s travel stories) -- we got a lot of publicity. People wanted to know how we traveled solo and weren’t afraid, and just how we went about it. We started giving workshops. We also started giving writing workshops and hosted a free monthly literary salon. People just gravitated, and we accepted them. We made a business of it and formed the online community. So it’s a profitable business for us to expand the community, and also, happily, it’s close to our hearts.”

Members are slow in response sometime. Chris Heidrich, the Director of a BootsnAll says, “One has to be patient in waiting for a response from members and insiders. It should be understood that it is a voluntary favor and some people do not come on board or check email as often.” Court who is always found on board in the same community adds, “Some time they may be away traveling to yet another location.”

The recipients of information have to keep in mind that what ever comes is based upon individuals’ personal experiences or empirical observations. One member may have had different experience than others. When I posted a query about Virtual Travel Communities (for this article) at BootsnAll community; the first reply referred me to Nick mediator at another community at Bali Blog who in turn advised me to email direct to all on his mailing list. The replies I am still receiving are varied showing so many perspectives. “There is nothing like variety,” says Nick.

The virtual world is composed of information rather than physical identities. Information spreads and diffuses. Those who belong to these impalpable spaces are also diffuse, free to take it or leave it.

Capturing Kalash Culture


Centuries old Kelash indigenous culture is at a greater risk today than any time in the past. Despite their remote location - landlocked in winters - last of the Kelash race is maintaining tenacious hold in district Chitral but is vulnerable to ravages of time and different pressures with external locus. The onslaughts are clearly eating at their open and nonchalant indigenous culture. Many have been forc